The sanctions used vary widely: being sent to bed early, eating lunch or dinner alone, picking up cigarette ends in the yard, cleaning premises and facilities, picking up dead leaves, washing up duties under the supervision of a duty tutor, repair of damage, notification of judges etc. This first method of management has its excesses: absence of clarity sometimes conceals difficulty in establishing a position on the part of professionals, or even lack of thought on a difficult subject which is often subject to disagreement within teams. Indeed, discipline crystallises the contradiction – which is particularly acute inside CEFs – between education and coercion. In the absence of formalised and shared rules, the management of prohibitions behaviour and limits laid down for minors may damage the cohesion of adults and their consistency in the face of young people, creating weaknesses of which the latter will not be slow to take advantage. A smaller proportion of institutions have chosen to “systematise” discipline by displaying a list of proscribed behaviours and the responses punishing contraventions. In most cases, this method is accompanied with a points system, often referred to as a “points licence”, of which there are several different versions. In this system, the behaviour of each minor is assessed by tutors, giving rise to the allocation of points, which are noted down regularly. When no breaches have been reported, the minor is awarded points. In the opposite case, points are taken away according to the nature of the incident: fight, reprehensible behaviour, insults, damage to property etc. At the end of the month, if the young person has accumulated the required number of points, they have the benefit of a reward, whose content is fixed with them in order to take their sources of interest into account. Rewards may consist of a trip to a restaurant, a recreational activity or the placing of convenience items (such as a radio-alarm clock etc.) at their disposal. The reward may also consist of an additional weekend with their family. Alongside the granting of points, this system is sometimes also used, on the one hand, in order to fix the pocket money for the week and, on the other hand, to determine the sanctions in case of bad behaviour. Another CEF inspected has elaborated a disciplinary system and the sanctions are listed in the booklet for new arrivals handed over to young persons on their arrival. There are six of them in order of increasing seriousness of the act committed: - reprimand or warning; - letter of explanation and apology; - written work enabling thought about the actions; - additional school work; - community service work within the CEF (sweeping the yard, cleaning premises, repair of damage etc.); - application to be summoned before a judge. Each sanction applied is explained within the framework of an interview between the tutor concerned and the minor, who may make an appeal to the head of department against the sanction. It may then be modified if necessary in the course of a three-way meeting: the head of the department, the minor and the tutor. Active listening and dialogue here guarantee the pertinence of the sanctions applied. Exchange of views enables the minor to progressively think about their actions and encourages the development of their individual responsibility. However, this second method of management of discipline is also open to excesses: in two CEFs directed by the same association, breaches or incidents systematically give rise to the 109