ENDNOTES 145 International Drug Policy Consortium, Taking stock: A decade of drug policy – A civil society shadow report, 2018, p7. 146 Ibid. 147 Human Rights Council, Implementation of the joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem with regard to human rights, UN Document A/HRC/39/39, 10–28 September 2018. 148 Ibid. 149 ‘The ‘Vienna consensus’ stifles progress on UN drug policy: Statement by the International Drug Policy Consortium’, 14 March 2019, idpc.net/publications/2019/03/the-viennaconsensus-stifles-progress-on-UN-drugpolicy and fileserver.idpc.net/library/PublicIDPC-statement_FINAL.pdf. 150 International Drug Policy Consortium, Taking Stock: A decade of drug policy – A civil society shadow report, October 2018, p64. 151 ‘European Council Adopts Conclusions on Alternatives to Coercive Sanctions’, Drug Reporter, 10 March 2018, drogriporter.hu/ en/european-council-adopts-conclusionson-alternatives-to-coercive-sanctions. 152 International Drug Policy Consortium, Taking Stock: A decade of drug policy – A civil society shadow report, October 2018, p9. 153 ‘South Africa’s Top Court Legalises Personal, Private Cannabis use’, NDTV, 19 September 2018, www.ndtv.com/worldnews/south-africas-top-court-legalisespersonal-private-cannabis-use-1918385. 154 ‘Thailand’s legislature legalizes medical use of marijuana’, The Spokesman Review, 25 December 2018, www.spokesman.com/ stories/2018/dec/25/thailands-legislaturelegalizes-medical-use-of-mar. ‘Reform of drug laws begins as bill passes first reading’, The Nation, 17 June 2018, www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/ national/30347919. 155 ‘Antigua and Barbuda Set to Pass Inclusive Cannabis Regulation Law’, Talking Drugs, 22 November 2018, www.talkingdrugs.org/ antigua-and-barbuda-set-to-pass-inclusivecannabis-regulation-law. 156 International Drug Policy Consortium, Taking Stock: A decade of drug policy – A civil society shadow report, October 2018, p9. 157 ‘Bangladesh’s drug war death toll tops 200, rights group says’ 17 July 2019, South China Morning Post, www.scmp.com/ news/asia/south-asia/article/2155653/ bangladeshs-drug-war-death-toll-tops-200rights-group-says. 162 Katie Stone and Sam Shirley-Beavan, Harm Reduction International, The Global State of Harm Reduction 2018, 6th edition, 2018, p23. 180 ‘Australian Woman Gives Birth in Cell After Guards Can’t Unlock the Door’, Prison Legal News, 12 October 2018, www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/oct/12/ australian-woman-gives-birth-cell-afterguards-cant-unlock-door. PART 3 Prison populations 181 ‘Russian Women’s Jail Chief Fired Over Slave Labor’, The Globe Post, 24 December 2018, theglobepost.com/2018/12/24/russia-prisonslave-labor. 163 Roy Walmsley, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, World Female Imprisonment List, 4th edition, 2017 p2. 164 Ibid. 165 Ibid. 166 ‘Afghan women still jailed alongside murderers for ‘failing’ virginity test’, The Guardian, 9 October 2018, www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2018/oct/09/afghan-womenstill-jailed-alongside-murderers-for-failingvirginity-test. 167 ‘Salvadoran women bond serving long sentences for the ‘crime’ of miscarriage’, PRI’s the World, 14 December 2018, www.pri.org/stories/2018-12-14/salvadoranwomen-bond-serving-long-sentences-crimemiscarriage. 168 International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Detention: addressing the human cost’, International Review of the Red Cross, Volume 98, Issue 3, 2016, pp761–781. 169 International Drug Policy Consortium, Women deprived of liberty – Submission to the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice, 26 September 2018, p3. 170 ‘Women behind bars’, The World, 13 April 2018, www.theworldweekly.com/reader/ view/16072/our-world-this-week. 171 ‘Women’s health in prison: urgent need for improvement in gender equity and social justice’, World Health Organization, 2009, www.who.int/bulletin/ volumes/87/6/09-066928/en. 172 The Disabilities Trust, Making the Link: Female offending and brain injury, 2019, p6. 173 Woolhouse, R, McKinlay, A, Grace RC, ‘Women in Prison with Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health’, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Volume 62, Issue 10, August 2017, pp3135–3150. 174 Prison Reform Trust, ‘What about me?’ The impact on children when mothers are involved in the criminal justice system, 2018, pp5–6. 158 ‘Soon, law with death sentence provisions for patrons of drug traders’, 21 June 2018, Dhaka Tribune, www.dhakatribune.com/ bangladesh/law-rights/2018/06/20/soonlaw-with-death-sentence-provisions-forpatrons-of-drug-traders. 175 Recommendation CM/Rec 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member States concerning children with imprisoned parents (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 4 April 2018 at the 1312th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies), 2018. 159 ‘Sri Lanka to begin hanging drug dealers to ‘replicate success of Philippines’, 11 July 2018, The Guardian, www.theguardian.com/ global-development/2018/jul/11/sri-lankato-begin-hanging-drug-dealers-to-replicatesuccess-of-philippines. 176 Human Rights Law Centre and Change the Record Coalition, Over-represented and overlooked: the crisis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s growing over-imprisonment, May 2017, p12. 160 ‘What Ivan Duque’s Win Means for Securing a Lasting Peace in Colombia’, WOLA, 18 June 2018, www.wola.org/analysis/ ivan-duque-new-president-colombiasecuring-lasting-peace. ‘Imprisonment as a last resort? Reforming Brazil’s prisons’, OpenGlobalRights, 29 November 2018, www.openglobalrights.org/imprisonment-asa-last-resort-reforming-brazils-prisons. 161 International Drug Policy Consortium, Taking Stock: A decade of drug policy – A civil society shadow report, October 2018, p9. 177 ‘How is our Maˉori population changing?’, Stats NZ, archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_ stats/people_and_communities/maori/maoripopulation-article-2015.aspx. 178 Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, ‘Women Deprived of Liberty Due To Drug-Related Offences In Canada’: Submission to the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, 1 October 2018, p1. 179 US Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Management of Its Female Inmate Population, September 2018, Introduction, p31. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019 182 ‘Women in prison in Florida get some needed attention’, Prison Insider, 12 February 2019, www.prison-insider.com/en/news/etatsunis-women-in-prison-in-florida-get-someneeded-attention. 183 ‘Pregnant Women Will No Longer Await Trial in Brazilian Jails’, Human Rights Watch, 23 February 2018, www.hrw.org/ news/2018/02/23/pregnant-women-will-nolonger-await-trial-brazilian-jails. 184 ‘Zimbabwe to build open prisons for jailed mums’, Bulawayo, 1 October 2018, bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-nationalbyo-146466.html. 185 Institute for Criminal Policy Research, World Prison Brief Database, www.prisonstudies. org/highest-to-lowest/occupancy-level?field_ region_taxonomy_tid=All. 186 FORINER, Providing distance education for foreign national prisoners in their native language, 2017, p3. 187 Prison Watch, Foreign National Prisoners, https://prisonwatch.org/foreignprisoners/#fnps. 188 For a copy of the picture book used in Netherlands, see: icpa.org/foreign-nationalprisoners-picture-dictionary-picture-it-inprison-recent-updates. 189 EUROPRIS, ICT Workshop, Use of technology in prison, 22–25 May 2018. 190 More details available here: www.meganexus.com/foriner. 191 The Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, Judged for More Than Her Crime: A Global Overview of Women Facing the Death Penalty, September 2018, p1. 192 ‘More women are in Hong Kong’s prisons than anywhere else. They should be protected, not criminalised’, The Guardian, 31 August 2017, www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2017/aug/31/more-womenare-in-hong-kongs-prisons-than-anywhereelse-they-should-be-protected-notcriminalised. 193 Min Jee Yamada Parka and Samantha Jeffries, ‘Prisoners of identity: The experiences of ethnic minority Vietnamese women categorised as foreign in Cambodian prisons’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Volume 69, August 2018, pp56–66. 194 Australian Law Reform Commission, Pathways to Justice - An Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, December 2017, Summary, p8. 195 ‘A new report by the Ministry of Justice reveals Maˉori are eleven times more likely to face prison time once convicted’, Radio New Zealand, 19 April 2018, www.radionz.co.nz/ news/national/355487/maori-11-times-morelikely-to-face-prison-report. 196 ‘Plea from 35 groups for action on Indigenous Australians in prison’, The Guardian, 17 September 2018, www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/ sep/18/plea-from-35-groups-for-action-onindigenous-australians-in-prison. 197 ‘Dearth of Maˉori rehab programmes in prisons questioned’, Radio New Zealand, 19 November 2018, www.radionz.co.nz/ news/te-manu-korihi/376256/dearth-ofmaori-rehab-programmes-in-prisonsquestioned. | 47