Glossary 9 Principle of non-refoulement: absolute prohibition to return, expel or extradite a person to another state where there are substantial grounds for believing that the person would be in danger of being subject to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment.8 Pro-active methods of investigation: methods of investigation, starting with a suspect and using a variety of strategies to discover and demonstrate his or her involvement in various offences, previously recorded or not. Profiling: a systematic association of sets of physical, behavioural or psychological characteristics with particular offences and their use as a basis for making law-enforcement (investigative) decisions. 9 Reactive methods of investigation: methods of investigation that can be characterized as the application of a set of standard procedures after a terrorism-related crime, such as when a terrorist bombing has been committed. Secret detention: situation in which (a) person(s) is held in incommunicado detention and where the detaining or otherwise competent authority denies, refuses to confirm or deny or actively conceals the fact that the person is deprived of his or her liberty from the outside world, or refuses to provide or actively conceals information about the fate or whereabouts of the detainee. Secret detention can take place in official and unofficial places of detention.10 Special Investigation Techniques: techniques used to gather information, such as electronic or other forms of surveillance and undercover operations, in such a way so as not to alert the target person(s) and for the purpose of detecting and investigating offences. 11 8 9 10 11 United Nations, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), New York, 10 December 1984, Article 3, <http://www. un.org/documents/ga/res/39/a39r046.htm>. United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, op. cit., note 2, para. 33. Ibid, p.11. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation Rec(2005)10 on “special investigation techniques” in relation to serious crimes including acts of terrorism, Strasbourg, 20 April 2005, Chapter 1, <https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=849269&Site=COE>. See also Philippe De Koster P, Terrorism: Special Investigation Techniques (Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2005), p.13.