Briefing Paper: Use of Tools of Torture in OSCE participating States transmit for 15 seconds” and causes “involuntary muscle lock up”, while blaming the incident on an equipment malfunction.21 Manufacture and trade: Companies in several OSCE participating states have previously manufactured or traded body-worn electric shock devices.22 There are several US manufacturers of body-worn electric shock devices and these include Myers Enterprises Inc., Nova Security Group and Advanced Ops International. It has been reported that the Myers Enterprises Inc. “Stun-Cuff” has been tested outside of the US, including in fellow OSCE participating state Canada, as well as Jordan, Israel and Singapore.23 The Myers Enterprises Inc. website has instructions for clients making international orders.24 The Advanced Ops International website claims that the company partners “with more than 4,000 law enforcement agencies globally to help capture and secure criminals and protect communities.”25 Image shows the Nova Security Group Electronic RACC (Remote Activated Custody & Control) Belt. b. Electric shock batons These devices, also known as stun batons, are portable, hand-held weapons that are often visually similar to ordinary police batons. They usually have two to four electrodes near the tip which are designed to inflict a painful electric shock upon contact when activated. Some have metallic strips or spirals along the length of the baton to conduct electricity. Most models can also be used like an ordinary baton as a striking weapon, but some only function as an electric shock weapon. Physical/medical effects and human rights concerns: The use of electric shock batons results in intense, localised and general pain but not incapacitation. Potential injuries include burns, puncture wounds and welts, as well as the risk of secondary injuries should the subject fall. This weapon is designed to cause compliance through pain not incapacitation and it is open to misuse as it enables the user to inflict extreme pain, often without leaving long-lasting identifiable physical traces, at the touch of a button. Examples of misuse include sustained or prolonged use, multiple shocks and shocks to intimate areas of the body such as the genitals. There is a lack of research into the effects of direct 21 Azcentral.com, “Murder defendant shocked in court when stun belt accidentally goes off”, available at http://archive.azcentral.com/video/1508632501001, accessed 2 may 2017, see 1:10 – 1:30 and 2:08 – 2:11. 22 See Omega Research Foundation and Amnesty International, From Words to Deeds: Putting an end to the EU trade in ‘Tools of Torture’, 2012, Index: ACT 30/062/2012, pp. 10-17. 23 Melissa Mann, “A true takedown device: How the Stun-Cuff wireless prisoner control device makes transport safer”, PoliceOne.com, 13 August 2015, https://www.policeone.com/police-products/dutygear/restraints/articles/8702869-A-true-takedown-device-How-the-Stun-Cuff-wireless-prisoner-controldevice-makes-transport-safer/ accessed 3 May 2017. 24 http://www.stun-cuff.com/page/793166 accessed 3 May 2017. 25 http://advancedopsinternational.com/law-enforcement/ accessed 3 May 2017. 8