Acknowledgments: Contributions to the development of this publication were made by a group of international and national experts and practitioners, through detailed responses to a questionnaire and an expert consultation held in Warsaw in December 2019. This includes representatives from: Amnesty International; APADOR CH, Romania; The Association for the Prevention of Torture; The Association of Ukrainian Human Rights Monitors on Law Enforcement, Ukraine; The Belgrade Human Rights Centre, Serbia; Civil Organization “Forpost”/ Human Rights Group “Sich”, Ukraine; the Civic Solidarity Platform, Working Group on the Fight against Torture; The Eastern-Ukrainian Center for Civic Initiatives, Ukraine; The Expert Center for Human Rights, Ukraine; The Georgian Young Lawyers’ Association, Georgia; Golos Svobody (Voice of Freedom), Kyrgyzstan; The Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, Poland; The Helsinki Association of Armenia, Armenia; the Hungarian Helsinki Committee, Hungary; the Human Rights Association, Turkey; The Kharkiv Institute for Social Research, Ukraine; The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, Ukraine; The Macedonian Young Lawyers’ Association, North Macedonia; Nota Bene, Tajikistan; the Anti-Torture Coalition, Tajikistan; The Open Society Justice Initiative; The Public Verdict Foundation, Russia; Promo LEX, Moldova; The United Nations Committee against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Ukraine without Torture, Ukraine; and The World Organisation against Torture. The initial drafts of this document were provided to ODIHR by Bruno Min, consultant, and Roseanne Burke, Legal and Policy Officer at Fair Trials.