85 after a careful review, taking into account the right of juveniles to be heard, the principles of legality, exceptionality, and proportionality of the sentence, among other 311 Accordingly, the principles and admissibility criteria relevant considerations. governing pretrial detention should be observed with more rigor, and a greater use of 312 other precautionary measures or of prosecution at liberty should be sought. In those cases in which the incarceration of minors is applicable, the measure should be used as 313 the last resort and for as short a time as possible. According to Universal System standards, “[p]retrial detention should be reviewed regularly, preferably every two weeks,” and the necessary steps should be taken “to ensure that the court/juvenile judge or other competent body makes a final decision on the charges not later than six 314 months after they have been presented.” 214. The Commission also reaffirms that States must guarantee the human rights of all children deprived of liberty and that they have the obligation to take actions to neutralize or reduce the desocializing effects of incarceration. To this end, it is essential that custodial measures avoid, to the extent possible, violations of rights other than freedom of movement, such as the rights to education and to health, and that they 315 enable the strengthening of ties with families and with the community. 215. The IACHR’s Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child has noted that in the region, the main challenges with applying the relevant standards discussed above are related to the following issues: (a) the judges responsible for deciding cases involving juvenile offenders are not properly trained; (b) they do not have a catalogue of precautionary measures other than pretrial detention to enable them to make exceptional use of this measure and ensure the goals of the proceedings; (c) social pressure on judges plays an important role; (d) judges are not required to take into consideration reports prepared by multidisciplinary teams and the detainees’ good conduct; and (e) there are no public defense services specializing in cases of juvenile offenders. 311 IACHR, Juvenile Justice and Human Rights. 312 I/A Court H.R., Case of the “Juvenile Reeducation Institute” v. Paraguay. Judgment of September 2, 2004. Series C No. 112. 313 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 37.b; Beijing Rules, Rule 19; and Havana Rules, Rules 1 and 2; UN, Salvador Declaration on Comprehensive Strategies for Global Challenges: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Systems and Their Development in a Changing World, adopted by the Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Salvador, Brazil, April 2 to 19, 2010, para. 27. 314 UN, Joint report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children on prevention of and responses to violence against children within the juvenile justice system, A/HRC/21/25, published June 27, 2012, para 75. 315 IACHR, Juvenile Justice and Human Rights, paras. 405, 491, and 510. United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, Nos. 12 and 87.f.