44 employment and instruction in observance of human rights and building a democratic citizenry; (2) secondary prevention, which involves measures that focus on individuals or groups who are more vulnerable to violence and crime, using targeted programs to reduce the risk factors and open up social opportunities; and (3) tertiary prevention, which involves individualized measures directed at persons already engaged in criminal conduct, who are serving a sentence or have recently completed their sentence. Particularly important here are the programs that target persons serving prison 149 sentences (emphasis added). 105. Moreover, as has been clearly acknowledged for more than thirty years, violence and crime are phenomena rooted in complex social problems that go beyond the purview of criminal law and involve much broader and deeper issues, such as justice and social inclusion and the equitable distribution of economic resources. Specifically, factors involved include poverty, unemployment, the lack of opportunities for social advancement, and the lack of access to education and health. Thus, reducing crime and violence requires comprehensive public policies that address the real causes. In this regard, the United Nations Latin American Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (ILANUD) notes that: 150 United Nations studies on criminality and the operation of criminal justice systems, and victimisation surveys indicate that those countries that strengthen their criminal justice systems but do not succeed in developing equitable societies build violent societies and do not see a reduction of their crime rates. In addition, their increasing use of criminal justice becomes illegitimate because of lack of a good technical defence for the large number of persons with little means; because of the excessive number of inmates and the large number among them waiting trial; because of prison overcrowding; and 151 because of other innumerable basic rights violations. 106. To summarize, the Inter-American Commission reiterates that considerations regarding the regulation, need, or imposition of pretrial detention must 149 IACHR, Report on Citizen Security and Human Rights, paras. 2, 61, and 155. 150 The Sixth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in 1980, recognized that crime prevention had to be based on a country’s social, cultural, political, and economic circumstances. Thus, the first paragraph of the Caracas Declaration states that “the success of criminal justice systems and strategies for crime prevention [...] depends above all on the progress achieved throughout the world in improving social conditions and enhancing the quality of life; it is thus essential to review traditional crime prevention strategies based exclusively on legal criteria.” Document available in Spanish at: http://www.ilanud.or.cr/1.1%20Declaracion%20de%20Caracas.pdf. 151 ILANUD, Crime, Criminal Justice and Prisons In Latin America and the Caribbean: How to Implement the United Nations’ Rights and Duties Model, 2010, Elías Carranza, Crime, Criminal Justice, and Prisons in Latin America and the Caribbean: The United Nations Model, Based on Rights and Obligations, and the Need for Comprehensive Social and Criminal Justice Policies, p. 120.