practical laboratory exercises. Participants learned about the underlying scientific principles related to blood spatter analysis and their application to actual casework, as well as about the development, history and advancement of bloodstain pattern analysis and its inherent limitations. Furthermore, the principles related to blood spatter analysis and measuring techniques for bloodstains were illustrated, which were then reinforced in the practical crime scene investigation exercises. At the end of the training, participants understood how the bloodstain pattern analysis interrelates to other forensic disciplines and information, to recognize, document, collect, examine and interpret bloodstain pattern evidence. On 19 April, the DSPS concluded the first phase of a five-day “Latent Fingerprint Development” ToT course, during which it provided 17 participants of KP and KAF with various methods and practical tools for developing latent finger print elements. By organizing and overseeing the event, as well as focusing on its sustainability, the DSPS ensured that quality training took place while simultaneously preparing the ground for KP and KAF trainers to conduct this training in the future independently. The practical exercises organized throughout the course enabled participants to use the new methods and improved their knowledge on case preparation for court proceedings and court presentation. From 15-19 December the DSPS monitored and evaluated how the trainers of the KP delivered the first “Latent Fingerprint Development” training to 17 officers on their own. Two KP police instructors who had been extensively trained by the DSPS on this subject, delivered topics on obtaining samples from the field by using chemicals and UV light; methods for developing latent fingerprint and its elements; case preparation; and presentation skills for court proceedings to their fellow officers. DSPS’s feedback, alongside its developed comprehensive curriculum adopted for this activity, was expected to provide the KP with necessary tools in ensuring long-term sustainability and operational skills of the officers assigned to deal with latent fingerprint development in the future. Between 15-19 April, the DSPS delivered an advanced training on “Serial Number Restoration Techniques on Stolen Vehicle” for eight KAF participants. The training was a follow-up to the previous year’s activity and its aim was to enhance the knowledge and skills of KAF staff in this forensic theme at an advanced level, by using the techniques in line with the new developments in the respective areas. Through the practical exercises on several real cases, the trainees learned about identifying the stolen vehicle number; odometer reading; engine compartment data for signs of tampering or alteration; vehicle titles for accuracy and authenticity as well as evidence of alteration. Moreover, participants enhanced their knowledge of the Motor Vehicle Enforcement programme, and in writing proper vehicle identification examination reports for courts. From 22-26 April, the DSPS conducted a ToT on “Stolen Vehicle Identification” for the officers of KP and KAF at the KAPS facilities. The purpose of the training was to equip the KP and KAF trainers with knowledge and skills in delivering training on stolen vehicles and to provide them with contemporary techniques of lecturing based on adult learning principles. The materials and skills provided to the trainers were supposed to enable them to further cascade the training to KAF and the KP Training Department. The training consisted of topics such as the general overview on stolen vehicle cases; types and methods of investigation of stolen vehicles; the preservation of evidence; and elements of stolen vehicles. It also included a practical exercises carried out at the police compound. From 9-12 December, the DSPS monitored and evaluated the delivery of the first “Vehicle Identification Number Inspection” training conducted by its trained trainers of the KP. The training was divided into three main parts and covered the aspects of auto-theft; international co-operation on combating auto-theft and forensic inspection, which were delivered by the KP and KAF experts. Moreover, through the use of the comprehensive curriculum model adopted by the DSPS, a sustainable long-term impact onto the competency, knowledge, 64