3. What Are The Specific Risks In Places Of Deprivation Of Liberty 3.1 Who Is at Risk of SGBV? Everyone deprived of their liberty is at risk of SGBV. However, as in the community, some groups or individuals are more likely to experience violence than others. This might include, for example, women and girls and LGBTI persons. While the persons most commonly victims of SGBV in the community and in the private sphere are women and girls, in detention, men and boys are also at particular risk of SGBV, as it is used a means of humiliating, degrading and/or controlling them.9 There are many other factors that increase vulnerability to SGBV in places of deprivation of liberty, and these will vary in different countries/detention settings. When preparing their research, monitors should consider which groups are most likely to be at risk in their country or in the specific institution. At risk groups are often those that stand out from the general population and include, but are not limited to: Women and girls: Many detained/imprisoned women have been exposed to violence before their arrest, and their incarceration is often linked to these experiences. Their needs differ widely from those of men and, because they are a minority group within detention settings, staff and management may not be adequately prepared to meet their specific needs. Girls are particularly vulnerable in detention settings. Men and boys: Sexual violence against men and boys in places of deprivation of liberty, perpetrated by both male and female staff, is a common but under-reported problem. Prisoner-on-prisoner violence is particularly prevalent among male detainees/ prisoners. Men who do not conform to the dominant form of violent masculinity, as well as boys, are at particular risk of abuse. LGBTI detainees/prisoners: The stigmatization, discrimination and lack of legal protections LGBTI persons face in the general community are replicated and aggravated in places of deprivation of liberty. Each distinct group faces different problems. LGBTI persons are also vulnerable when authorities do not consider their needs in specific situations, including cell allocation and during body searches. Ethnic and racial minority detainees/prisoners: Ethnic and racial minority detainees and prisoners, as well as indigenous people, are at risk of SGBV, because the discrimination present in society is often reproduced or magnified in detention settings. Ethnic minorities in countries with a history of inter-ethnic conflict may be subjected to violence as a form of punishment or retaliation. Members of particular religious or cultural groups: Perpetrators of SGBV may victimize members of particular religious or cultural groups on the basis of their beliefs or taboos related to sexuality. 9 Ibid. 12