3. What Are The Specific Risks In Places Of Deprivation Of Liberty Behavioural or personality factors: Those who isolate themselves from the wider community and/or who show signs of vulnerability, such as lack of self-confidence, shyness or suggestibility, are at higher risk of SGBV. Social isolation and economic status: Those with limited financial resources may be forced into situations of vulnerability in order to survive, including in order to get hold of money or food. Membership of a particular gang or lack of gang affiliation: Affiliation with specific groups or positions within hierarchies may place individuals in situations of vulnerability vis-à-vis other hostile groups or other higher-level members of their own group. Contact with the outside world: Detainees/prisoners who have little or no contact with family, friends, lawyers or the outside community may also be at particular risk of violence, partly due to the impact of their isolation, but also because they are unable to report abuse to others. Links to the criminal justice system: Former public officials, especially police, prison or judicial officers, police informants or other individuals who have previously co-operated with the authorities are likely to be at risk of SGBV. Individuals in protective custody: Such as witnesses in criminal cases or women who have been threatened with so-called “honour crimes” may also be in particular situations of vulnerability in detention. Victims of SGBV in places of deprivation of liberty are in the majority of the cases detainees/prisoners, but monitors should bear in mind that staff, visitors, service providers, lawyers, community members who work in prisons and members of monitoring teams themselves might also be at risk. Additionally, monitors should consider the safety of children living with their parent in prison, as well as the children of staff members who spend time in places of deprivation of liberty. 3.2 Who Are the Perpetrators? The two most prevalent forms of SGBV in places of deprivation of liberty are violence perpetrated by staff against detainees/prisoners and violence between detainees/ prisoners. Perpetrators can include contractors, volunteers and service providers. In some situations, prison visitors might also be responsible for abuse. Perpetrators of SGBV might be male or female, adult or juvenile.10 There are factors that might make a person deprived of their liberty more likely to commit acts of SGBV, and monitors should be aware of these. Such factors might include, for example: 10 Ibid. 14