4.13 Office in Tajikistan Activities Related to Threats Posed by Criminal Activity Organized Crime From 23-30 January, twenty-five Tajik officers from border, customs, and interior agencies, as well as from the State Committee on National Security and Drug Control Agency, received training in a one-week course on risk analysis, profiling and management for combating transnational threats. Participants worked on identification, analysis and classification of potential risks, and undertook risk assessments for drug trafficking and other transnational treats. The course was conducted as part of the border security programme to build the national capacity of the Tajik border security and management agencies. From 6-20 February, the OiT organized a two-week training course on combating organized crime for 26 officers from the Tajik border troops, the State Committee for National Security, the MIA, the Drug Control Agency and Customs Service. International and national experts from Hungary and Turkey and experts from Tajik national law enforcement agencies taught participants about investigating financial crimes and countering money laundering as well as techniques for identifying and combating drugs smuggling, illegal migration, trafficking in human-beings, and terrorism. The course, which is part of the OSCE’s border security programme, focuses on the capacity-building of national border security and management agencies. From 23-28 November, the OiT organized a training course on countering organized crime  for 19 police officers and representatives of the Prosecutor’s Office. The training was designed  to cover topics, such as countering illicit drug trafficking and money laundering, building intelligence for countering organized criminal groups, and forensic and operational case studies,  while ensuring the respect of human rights. Cross-Border Co-operation in Criminal Matters On 4 and 5 November, the OiT supported the participation of one representative from the Tajik Border Troops at a workshop on co-operation  among criminal justice actors and other relevant stakeholders in addressing crimes related to irregular migration in South-Eastern Europe. The workshop was organized by the IOM, UNODC, and TNTD/ SPMU and was held in Belgrade. Prevention and prosecution of cross-border crimes,  cross-border co-operation, and assistance to victims, migrants and refugees were the main focus of the event. 120 Illicit Drugs and Chemical Precursors From 20-24 April, the OiT provided training on combating narcotics and investigation techniques to 24 officers from the Border Troops, the Customs Service, and the Drug Control Agency. The course, which included a practical examination exercise, enhanced participants’ operational capacity to combat narcotics smuggling and trained participants in using investigation techniques aimed at reducing drug trafficking. From 10-11 September, the OiT supported the participation of the Head of Executive Apparatus of the MIA, the Head of Unit on Drug Prevention and Legal Drug Trafficking within the Drug Control Agency, and the Head of the NGO “Source of Life” at the Annual Drugs Conference in Vienna. The conference, entitled “Enhancement of Mechanisms to Cope with Increasing Spread of Illicit Drugs Amongst Youth”, was organized by the OSCE 2015 Serbian Chairmanship-inOffice and the TNTD/SPMU. In October and November, the OiT supported the Drug Control Agency in conducting a 45-day  training course for twelve dog handlers from the Drug Control Agency, MIA,  Border Troops and Customs Service of Tajikistan. The course focused on searching and detection of five types of drugs, including hashish, heroin, amphetamine, cocaine and opium. The  OSCE provided each agency with sets of drugs smell simulators and 24 sets of dog leads, collars and rubber balls. Border Management Staff College (BMSC) Public Order and Crisis Management From 30 March-3 April, 25 officers of the SCNS, border troops, customs service, the Committee of Emergency Situations, and the MIA were trained in operational crisis management in emergency situations. A crisis management expert from the UK and an expert from the MIA delivered the training. The training course increased the capacity of border law enforcement agencies to respond to crises. Organized Crime From 7-10 December, the BMSC in Dushanbe organized a research  conference, entitled “Developing Innovative Solutions to Border Issues through New  Technologies”. Twenty-one researchers and senior-level officials from border, customs, drug  control, and anti-corruption agencies as well as representatives of academia, regional and international organizations and the private sector from