CAT/C/48/D/413/2010
refused leave to appeal. Accordingly, the expulsion order in question will become statutebarred on 27 July 2013.
The complainant’s comments on the State party’s observations
5.1
On 15 December 2010, the complainant reiterated her initial statements in relation to
her identity, country of origin and events that led to her departure from Burundi. As to the
entanglements with the alleged passport and visa application, she submits that she fell in
love with a man, whom she met in Burundi. When he asked her to give him her passport
and photos, she did so. The complainant has never applied for a visa nor has she been in
Algeria or France or anywhere else as claimed by the Migration Board and others. She was
not subjected to persecution, ill-treatment or punishment while she remained in Burundi
after her brother’s killing, because she was in hiding. She left Burundi with the help of
smugglers and for this reason she has no information about the passport on which she
travelled to Sweden. The only thing she cared about was leaving her country of origin and
getting to a safe place.
5.2
As to the merits, the complainant submits that since she has provided a high level of
details and information to substantiate her claims, the burden of proof should shift from her
to the State party.15 The complainant argues that she would be imprisoned upon her return
to Burundi and imprisonment would lead to her being subjected to torture within the
meaning of this term, as set out in article 1 of the Convention. She reiterates that, based on
the current situation in Burundi, combined with her reasons for asylum and protection as
presented to the Swedish migration authorities and in the communication to the Committee,
her expulsion to Burundi would constitute a violation of article 3 of the Convention.
5.3
The complainant contests the State party’s assertion that it applies the same test
when considering an asylum application under the Aliens Act as the Committee will apply
when examining a subsequent communication under the Convention. She submits that the
Swedish migration authorities, when considering an asylum application under the Act, must
start out by examining whether the applicant is a refugee (under the Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention)), thereafter the authorities examine whether
the applicant might be in need of protection due to other circumstances or if there are
grounds of exceptionally distressing circumstances and the applicant should be granted a
residence permit on one of those grounds. The complainant argues, therefore, that the
authorities’ assessment is characterized by the refugee status determination in accordance
with the Refugee Convention and not the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
5.4
The complainant submits that the Refugee Convention is both broader and narrower
than article 3 of the Convention against Torture. It is broader, as a “refugee”, a person with
a right to non-refoulement under article 33 of that Convention, is a person who faces a
“well founded fear of persecution” on particular grounds in a receiving State. “Persecution”
may fall short of “torture”, so the Refugee Convention applies in circumstances where one
fears a lesser form of ill-treatment in a receiving State. On the other hand, the reasons why
one might face torture are irrelevant for the purposes of assessment under article 3 of the
Convention against Torture, whereas reasons why one might face persecution are relevant
under the Refugee Convention. Furthermore, the rights under article 3 of the Convention
against Torture are absolute, whereas refugee rights can be denied. In this regard, the
complainant states that the assessments of the Swedish migration authorities and the State
party in relation to whether or not the complainant’s expulsion would violate article 3 of the
15
Reference is made to communication No. 149/1999, A.S. v. Sweden, Views adopted on 24 November
2000, para. 8.6.
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