the family life of the juvenile and his/her close relatives and the juvenile’s reintegration into society. 124. All juveniles, including those on remand, should have frequent access to a telephone and the opportunity to exercise their right to correspondence at all times. If there are security concerns, particular telephone calls and correspondence could be monitored, and exceptionally prohibited. Any such decision should be based on a substantiated risk of collusion or other illegal activity, and be for a specifed period. In some establishments visited by the CPT, juveniles are allowed to communicate with family members on a regular basis by using free-of-charge Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Such practices are highly welcome; however, they should not be considered as a substitute for visits. 125. Information on transfers, release, disciplinary sanctions and protective and security measures applied to a juvenile, as well as concerning any illness, injury or death, should be provided without delay to the parents or legal representative of the juvenile concerned. g. Discipline and security 126. Restorative confict resolution should be given priority over formal disciplinary procedures and sanctions. Disciplinary sanctions, if applied, should be governed by the principle of proportionality and imposed in full compliance with the relevant formal disciplinary rules and procedures, and not take the form of an unofcial punishment. Any form of collective punishment is unacceptable. In a number of establishments visited by the CPT, it was not uncommon for staf to administer a so-called “pedagogic slap” or other forms of physical chastisement to General Report of the CPT, 2013-2014 ► Page 56 juveniles who misbehaved. In this regard, the CPT recalls that corporal punishment is likely to amount to ill-treatment and must be strictly prohibited. 127. The CPT wishes to stress that a juvenile’s contact with the outside world should never be denied as a disciplinary measure; nor should it be limited unless the disciplinary ofence relates to such contact. 128. Any form of isolation of juveniles is a measure that can compromise their physical and/or mental well-being and should therefore be applied only as a means of last resort. In the CPT’s view, solitary confnement as a disciplinary measure should only be imposed for very short periods and under no circumstances for more than three days. Whenever juveniles are subject to such a measure, they should be provided with socio-educational support and appropriate human contact. A member of the health-care staf should visit the juvenile immediately after placement and thereafter on a regular basis, at least once per day, and provide him/her with prompt medical assistance and treatment. 129. As regards solitary confnement for protection or preventive purposes, the CPT recognises that such a measure may, in extremely rare cases, be required in order to protect particularly vulnerable juveniles or to prevent serious risks to the safety of others or the security of the prison, provided that absolutely no other solution can be found. Every such measure should be decided by a competent authority, based on a clear procedure specifying the nature of the confnement, its duration, the grounds on which it may be imposed and providing a regular review process, as well as the possibility for the juvenile concerned to appeal against the decision