2020, < https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/participacao-social/conselho-nacional-de-direitoshumanos-cndh/Recomendacao12.pdf> [access 11 November 2020] 64 Investment in Brazil’s arms industry has also been proactively and enthusiastically encouraged by a small but influential cohort of politicians whose campaigns have received financial backing from Brazilian arms manufacturers. According to reports, during the 2014 presidential campaign, 30 candidates to Brazil’s national Congress and state legislatures received contributions totalling US $530,000. Twenty-one were elected. Muggah, and Thompson, ‘The Trouble with Brazil’s Expanding Arms Trade’, 18 April 2018 <https://www.defenseone.com/ ideas/2017/04/trouble-brazils-expanding-arms-trade/137123/> [accessed 13 March 2020] 65 Muggah and Thompson, ‘Brazil’s Merchants of Death’, 23 October 2016. <https://www.nytimes. com/2016/10/24/opinion/brazils-merchants-of-death.html> [accessed 13 March 2020] 66 Presidência da República Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos, ‘Lei Nº 12.598, De 21 De Março De 2012’, 21 March 2012, <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12598.htm> [accessed 03 July 2020] 67 Ministério da , ‘Demonstrativo dos Gastos Tributarios Bases Efetivas – 2015 Serie 2013 a 2018’, March 2018, <https://receita.economia.gov.br/dados/receitadata/renuncia-fiscal/demonstrativos-dos-gastos-tributarios/ bases-efetivas> [accessed 03 July 2019] The Omega Research Foundation would like to thank Sou da Paz for providing this information. 68 Ministério da Defesa, ‘SEPROD avança no apoio à Base Industrial de Defesa’, 30 December 2019, <https:// www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/ultimas-noticias/seprod-avanca-no-apoio-a-base-industrial-de-defesa> 69 Ministério Da Economia, ‘Retid (Regime especial para a indústria de defesa)’, <http://receita.economia. gov.br/acesso-rapido/legislacao/legislacao-por-assunto/retid> [accessed 09 July 2020] 70 Feigenbaum, A. ‘Repressing World Cup protests — a booming business for Brazil’, Waging Nonviolence, June 18, 2014, <http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/repressing-world-cup-protests-booming-business-brazil>; Amaral, M and Viana, N. ‘Why Are Brazilians Protesting the World Cup?”, The Nation, June 21 2013, <http://www. thenation.com/article/why-are-brazilians-protesting-world-cup/> [accessed 07 July 2020] 71 Brazil’s military expenditure grew by 5.1 per cent between 2017 and 2018 (to $27.8 billion USD) and by 17 per cent between 2009 and 2018. Spending increased despite Brazil’s ongoing economic slowdown and public expenditure constraints. SPIRI, ‘Trends in World Military Expenditure 2018’, April 2019 <https://sipri.org/sites/ default/files/2019-04/fs_1904_milex_2018_0.pdf> [accessed 07 July 2020] 72 BNDES, ‘Plano Inova Aerodefesa ‘, <https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/financiamento/ plano-inova-empresa/plano-inova-aerodefesa> [accessed 03 July 2020] 73 FINEP, ‘Tecnologias expostas na LAAD, maior feira de defesa da América Latina, receberam apoio da Finep’. 04 April 2019, <http://www.finep.gov.br/noticias/todas-noticias/5919-tecnologias-expostas-em-feira-dedefesa-receberam-apoio-da-finep> [accessed 07 July 2020] 74 FINEP, ‘Resultado Preliminar da Etapa de Seleção de Empresas Líderes Plano de Apoio Conjunto Inova Aerodefesa’, <http://download.finep.gov.br/chamadas/inova_aerodefesa/documentos/resultado_preliminar_etapa_ selecao_empresas_lideres_inova_aerodefesa.pdf> [accessed 07 July 2020] 75 To be accredited as an EED by the Ministry of Defence, companies must fulfil a number of criteria including being headquartered in Brazil and having the capacity to carry out ‘joint activities of scientific and technological research and development of technology’. For a full list of criteria see Article 2 (IV) of Law No. 12,598, of March 21, 2012. Available at: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12598. htm> 76 This map does not include companies which manufacture equipment under license or what is often known as ‘licensed production’. Licensed production is the process where a company in one country allows a second company in another country to manufacture its products under licence (licensed production agreements are commonly also referred to as ‘co-production agreements’, ‘licensed manufacturing agreements’ and ‘technology transfer agreements’). The form which such agreements take varies greatly, covering both tangible and intangible transfers. In some agreements, raw materials and/or parts are exported to the buyer country where they are used to assemble the product, while in others the product’s design and the expertise required to manufacture it are licensed out to the buyer who then manufactures the product from scratch. Licensed production is most commonly associated with developing nations, for whom it provides the opportunity to develop industrial capacity and skills. Since Brazil already has a far more developed arms industry than most other Latin American and developing nations, our research has only identified one relevant example of licensed production in Brazil – namely that of Del Firearms which opened a factory in Anápolis (in the State of Goiás) to manufacture pistols licensed by AREX – Defence. See, Roberto Caiafa. ‘DFA Group launches new weapons factory in Brazil (Anápolis, GO)’, 30 July 2018. <https://tecnodefesa.com.br/grupo-dfa-lanca-nova-fabrica-de-armas-no-brasil-anapolis-go/> [accessed November 12 2019] 77 OHCHR, note 9, para. 4.2.2 78 Ibid., 4.2.3 79 Ministry of Justice and Public Security, Ordinance No. 104, of 13th March 2020, <https://www.in.gov.br/ 74  web/dou/-/portaria-n-104-de-13-de-marco-de-2020-248065866> [accessed 11 November 2020] 80 Decree No. 10,030 / 2019 establishes that ‘the Minister of State for Justice and Public Security may establish additional requirements for [controlled products] of interest to public security, with a view to standardizing equipment, technologies and conformity assessment procedures’ see http://www.planalto.gov.br/ ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2019/decreto/D10030.htm [accessed 11 November 2020] 81 Ibid., Article 4 82 States are obliged to ensure that all weapons containing chemical irritants do not breach the Chemical Weapons Convention, and in particular that they are consistent with the “types and quantities” provision of the Convention. However, there are currently no guidelines or standards as to how States should implement this obligation. For further discussion see: Omega Research Foundation, ‘Tear Gassing by Remote Control’, 2015, <https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/publications/tear-gassing-remote-control-december-2015> 83 OHCHR, 4.2.2, note 9. 84 Ibid. 85 ANVISA, ‘Nota Técnica nº017/2015/GGTOX/ANVISA’, 2015, <http://www.consultaesic.cgu.gov.br/busca/ dados/Lists/Pedido/Attachments/480185/RESPOSTA_PEDIDO_2016230460_Nota_Tecnica_017_2015_Resposta_ Despacho_212_2015_GADIP__Spray_de_Oleos_Vegetais.pdf> 86 Condor Technologias Nao Letais, ‘Spark DSK 700: Manual de Operacao’ <https://www.slideshare.net/ InstrutorEusbio/235275613-manualsparkcondor> [accessed 06 September 2020] 87 Naomi Larsson, ‘He saw white: Why the eye became a symbol of Chile’s unrest’, 16 March 2020, <thttps:// www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/white-eye-symbol-chile-unrest-200316191357757.html> [accessed 23 August 2020] 88 OHCHR, note 9, para 7.5.4 89 Most modern metal handcuffs and leg cuffs feature a double-locking mechanism to prevent over-tightening. Once the instruments of restraint are double locked, they cannot be further tightened, without first being unlocked. By contrast single-locking handcuffs can be progressively tightened through the ratchet. 90 Rule 47 of The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) states that “the use of chains, irons or other instruments of restraint which are inherently degrading or painful shall be prohibited” and that “other instruments of restraint shall only be used when authorized by law” and only in certain circumstances. For more information on these and other instruments of restraint see: Omega Research Foundation, ‘Visual Glossary of Military, Security and Police Equipment’, <https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/ visual_glossary?search_api_language=en> 91 Algemas Zorro, Fabrica de Algemas, <https://www.facebook.com/Fabrica-de-AlgemasZorro-634505276595563/> [accessed 27 February 2020] 92 Steve Johnson, “Brazilian Police Recall 98,000 Taurus 24/7 DS Pistols”, 26 September 2013, <https://www. thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/09/26/brazilian-police-recall-98000-taurus-247-ds-pistols/> [accessed 11 November 2020] 93 Rogerio Pagnan, “PM mantém 6.000 metralhadoras sem uso, dentro de caixas, há 5 anos em SP”, Folha de Sao Paulo, 20 June 2017, <https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2017/06/1894252-pm-mantem-6000metralhadoras-sem-uso-dentro-de-caixas-ha-5-anos-em-sp.shtml> [accessed 11 November 2020] 94 Julia Moura, ‘Taurus é proibida de fornecer armas para São Paulo por dois anos’, Folha de Sao Paulo, 28 July 2020, <https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2020/07/taurus-e-proibida-de-fornecer-armas-para-saopaulo-por-dois-anos.shtml> [accessed 11 November 2020] 95 Even in circumstances in which the use of stun grenades indoors can be justified, every precaution would need to be taken to reduce the risk of causing blast or fragment injuries, e.g. by rolling the grenade along the ground rather than throwing it into the air. 96 OHCHR, note 9. 97 Igor Gielow and Gustavo Patu, ‘Bolsonaro Increases Military Spending in First Year of Government‘, Folha, 02 March 2020, <https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/business/2020/03/bolsonaro-increases-militaryspending-in-first-year-of-government.shtml> [accessed 13 October 2020] 98 For details of the arms fairs analysed and for lists of exhibitors see: https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/ resources/arms-fairs 99 In addition to their support for attending fairs, in 2019 Apex in partnership with ADIMBE also launched the international defesa economy promotional plan. One of the project’s objectives is to develop opportunities for companies that are not yet exporters. André Pinto, ‘MD, ABIMDE e APEX desenvolvem plano de promoção internacional da economia de defesa’, Ministério da Defesa’, 03 October 2019, <https://www.defesa.gov.br/ noticias/61423-md-abimde-e-apex-desenvolvem-plano-de-promocao-internacional-da-economia-de-defesa> [accessed 03 December 2019] 100 Ibid. 101 European Union, note 10. 102 DSEI, ‘DSEI Compliance Notice – Friday 13 September 2019’, 13 September 2019, <https://www.dsei. co.uk/event-news/dsei-compliance-notice-friday-13-september-2019> [accessed 14 September 2019] 103 Lisandra Paraguassu, ‘Brazil’s Bolsonaro signs decree easing gun import, ammo limits’ Reuters, 07 May 2019, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-guns/brazils-bolsonaro-signs-decree-easing-gun-importammo-limits-idUSKCN1SD2OU> [accessed 17 August 2019] 75