The first of these two topical workshops, which took place in Geneva in March 2012, addressed the following topics: fitness for flying, medical care before, during and after a (failed) return, use of coercion for the successful implementation of a return and particular risks emerging for the returnees from coercive measures, the mandate of the NPMs for the monitoring of the return process, the EU “forced returns” directive and its implementation in the Member States, as well as the demands made of the NPMs for successful monitoring of returns and cooperation with other organisations/institutions in this field. The second workshop was held in Belgrade in June 2012. The participants’ discussion focussed on the activity of the European border management agency Frontex and discussed interfaces between Frontex and the work of the NPMs, as well as potential forms of cooperation and coordination on returns. To this end, as well as the representatives of Directorate General 1 of the Council of Europe responsible for organisation, of the NPMs, representatives of the CPT and of the SPT, representatives of Frontex, and of the International Organisation for Migration, attended the meeting. 18