54 Fracture Break; a discontinuity in the cortex of a bone; sometimes used in relation to a cartilaginous structure such as a costal cartilage or thyroid cartilage. Histology (histopathology) The study of the microscopic structure of tissues (histology) in a diseased state (histopathology). Human identification In this document, the attachment of the correct name to a dead body. Human remains In this document, synonymous with deceased person or dead body, whether the body is freshly dead, decomposing or skeletonized. Humerus The upper arm bone. Immediate cause of death The disease, condition or complication, resulting from the underlying or an intermediate cause, that immediately precedes death. Inventory List. Laceration A tear or split in the skin or other organ or soft tissue due to blunt force. Livor mortis, lividity (post mortem) The post-mortem phenomenon of blood settling under the influence of gravity. Manner of death The summary of the circumstances of the death; thus: homicide, suicide, accident, natural or undetermined. Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) Forensic anthropological term used in relation to the assessment of commingled remains and referring to how many individuals, as a minimum, are represented in the commingled remains being examined. Mode of death The pathophysiological process by which a person died (e.g. haemorrhage, respiratory failure, cardiac failure, multi-organ failure, septicaemia). Its use alone is not sufficient to complete the cause of death properly in the internationally accepted WHO format. See also “Cause of death”. Mortuary (morgue) The place for storing, keeping and looking after the dead until final disposal or interment; includes the autopsy room; hospital for the dead. Ordnance Relating to artillery, large guns. Osteophytes Usually small growths of extra bone associated with degenerative, osteoarthritic changes in the joints. Peri-mortem Around the time of death. This term is often used in forensic anthropology in relation to injuries because, once the remains have skeletonized, an injury inflicted shortly before death will look identical to the same injury inflicted shortly after death. Petechiae (petechial haemorrhages) Pinpoint or “dot-like” haemorrhages. Some forms occur in life, others can occur after death. Photolog The list of all photographs taken with related data, e.g. the name of the photographer, the time the photograph was taken and the place where it was taken. Photo markers Markers with numbers and letters visible in photographs enabling later identification of the photographs and the items shown in them. Postcranial skeleton The entire skeleton apart from the skull. Post-mortem changes A term that encompasses all the natural changes that can occur to a dead body. Post-mortem data Data obtained from the dead body to compare with data obtained about a named individual while alive (ante-mortem data), usually for the purposes of identifying the dead body. Post-mortem examination In this document, examination of the body after death not including an internal examination. (In this document, an examination of a dead body that includes an internal examination is an autopsy.) Prosector The authorized medical practitioner/forensic doctor undertaking the autopsy and preparing the report. The Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death (2016)