• Adequate working conditions for interpreters and translators should be guaranteed, including establishing a mechanism to ensure timely payment and salaries in accordance with market rates to raise the quality of interpreters. in Italy and Greece. At the same time, evaluation systems for interpreters are not in place, and it is not possible to apply for the recusal of an interpreter. • Interpreters and translators should have basic knowledge of the criminal justice system they work in as a precondition for accreditation, and inclusion on the list of interpreters that can be called upon for persons in police custody and pre-trial detention. • In addition, standardised mechanisms to train, supervise and evaluate interpreters and translators should be organised and implemented. • In order to monitor the quality of interpretation services, a mandatory video recording of the interrogation and/or hearing during which interpretation services are provided should be required. • A right to apply for the recusal of an interpreter, or an ability to request substitution, should be established to enable the person concerned to contest the competence and the work of the interpreter. • 83 24 Poor working conditions: Bad quality interpretation is exacerbated by poor working conditions. Low remuneration, which is not comparable with market rates, and significant delays in payment, particularly in Bulgaria, make it (understandably) unattractive for better-skilled interpreters to work for law enforcement authorities. Article 2 (5), Interpretation and Translation Directive. c. Inability to challenge the failure to provide interpretation A proper assessment of whether interpretation and translation services are required must be paired with the ability, if such services are denied, for the suspect or accused person to challenge the negative decision (decision to refuse interpretation services). • Lack of judicial remedies: Despite EU law setting out a possibility to challenge a refusal to provide interpretation or translation,83 judicial remedies are not available across all EU Member States. • The proper transposition of EU norms into national law and their practical implementation should be monitored, including the availability of judicial redress in the event of a violation of the right to interpretation. • Bar associations should be involved in the transposition and monitoring of the practical implementation of EU norms.