• To provide prompt and effective redress to victims of arbitrary detention, particularly in cases of prolonged arbitrary detention, on account of the physical and mental suffering, stress, fear, depression, anxiety and physical symptoms suffered by them. On the principle of non-refoulement • • • • To ensure that no detainee is expelled, extradited or returned to a state where there are substantial grounds for believing that the detainee will be in danger of being subjected to torture or ill-treatment; To ensure that detainees have access to an effective, independent, impartial and individualized review in order to challenge government determination that they will not be subjected to torture or ill-treatment; To amend legislation to ensure that the definition of torture in US law complies with Article 1 of the CAT; To revisit the United States’ view that substantial grounds for believing that a person will be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment if transferred to a state does not fall within the principle of non-refoulement. ON THE TREATMENT IN, AND CONDITIONS OF, DETENTION OF GUANTÁNAMO DETAINEES • Pending the closure of the Guantánamo Bay detention facility, to ensure that conditions of detention meet international human rights standards. On the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment • • • • • 26 To review US reservations and understandings concerning the definition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment made upon ratification of international treaties, with a view to promptly withdrawing them; To clearly acknowledge that the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment provided for in the CAT and the ICCPR applies to all areas over which the United States exercises, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, de jure or de facto effective control including, where applicable, detention facilities and military bases outside its sovereign territory; To take steps necessary to prevent the recurrence of acts of torture and ill-treatment, including by strengthening existing prohibitions in domestic law. All elements of the definitions of torture and ill-treatment set out in the CAT and clarified by the Committee against Torture should be reflected in domestic law; To ensure that the practice of extraordinary rendition of terrorist suspects to third countries for the purpose of interrogation and detention is immediately and expressly terminated, including on any short-term or transitory basis. Any such matters should be forbidden by law; To amend the provisions of the Army Field Manual on interrogation in order to clarify that stress positions, sleep deprivation and improper use of restraints are forbidden techniques. The Manual should, in this regard, clearly stipulate that only enumerated techniques are allowed. Appendix M should be reviewed to ensure its compliance with the international prohibition against torture and ill-treatment;