CAT/C/DEU/CO/5 (c) Prevent return of trafficked persons to their countries of origin where there is a substantial ground to believe that they would be in danger of torture, to ensure compliance with article 3 of the Convention; (d) Provide regular training to the police, prosecutors and judges on effective prevention, investigation, prosecution and punishment of acts of trafficking, including on the guarantees of the right to be represented by an attorney of one’s own choice, and inform the general public of the criminal nature of such acts; and (e) Compile data disaggregated, as appropriate, by nationality, country of origin, ethnicity, gender, age and employment sector and on the provision of redress. Physical restraints (Fixierung) 16. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the State party that, since the 2005 visit to the State party by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), the Federal Police has refrained from utilizing physical restraints (Fixierung) and at the Länder level the practice of Fixierung has been applied as a measure of last resort. However, the Committee remains concerned by the assertion by the State party that it will not be possible in the long term to abandon the practice of Fixierung in all non-medical settings at the Länder level, as recommended by CPT, and the lack of information on the uniform application of CPT principles and minimum standards in relation to Fixierung (arts. 2, 11 and 16). The Committee urges the State party to strictly regulate the use of physical restraints in prisons, psychiatric hospitals, juvenile prisons and detention centres for foreigners with a view to further minimizing its use in all establishments and ultimately abandoning its use in all non-medical settings. The State party should further ensure adequate training for law enforcement and other personnel on the use of physical restraints, harmonization of the permissible means of physical restraints in all the Länder and the observance in all establishments of the principles and minimum standards in relation to Fixierung drawn up by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Preventive detention 17. The Committee takes note of the judgement of the Federal Constitutional Court of 4 May 2011 which has considered that all provisions of the Criminal Code and the Youth Courts Act on the imposition and duration of preventive detention are unconstitutional and welcomes the fact that the federal and Länder authorities have already started to implement the ruling. The Committee nonetheless notes with regret the information that more than 500 persons remain in preventive detention, some of them having been in preventive detention for more than twenty years (arts. 2 and 11). The Committee urges the State party to: (a) Adapt and amend its laws on the basis of the Federal Constitutional Court’s decision by 31 March 2013, as requested by the Court, in order to minimize the risks arising from preventive detention; and (b) Take all necessary actions, in the meantime, to comply with the institutional measures requested by the Court’s decision, in particular with regard to release of persons in preventive detention, reduction of its duration and the imposition thereof, and take into account the provisions of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) when devising the measures alternative to preventive detention. 5