PART II.  THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES SENIOR MANAGEMENT Should provide strategic guidance and design to the organization so that it can carry out its functions in a fair and effective way. MIDDLE MANAGEMENT Bearing direct responsibility for managing concrete operations (though probably not present at the scene or location), is responsible for the accuracy, reliability and quality of the briefings, orders and instructions. Of course they have to operate on the information and within the procedures established, or approved, by the senior management levels but it is up to them to “pass this on” to the implementation level, and vice versa, take information about the progress of the operation and back up the hierarchy. LOWER MANAGEMENT The direct supervisors, are closest to the actual operations, and are likely to be present at the location where the operation takes place. When rank and file officers are unexpectedly called in to deal with high-risk situations, such as one where there is information that there will be firearms or other weapons involved, or when someone is under the influence of drugs, the supervisor can decide to come to the scene, as soon as possible, and supervise how to respond and possibly diffuse tension.a See Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), 2012, paras. 37-38. a  Line management is also in charge of maintaining discipline. The senior management has the duty to set up fair and transparent disciplinary procedures and oversee that these are applied responsibly and consistently. The obligation to install an effective line of command does not depend on whether law enforcement is organized in a centralized or a decentralized manner, as any structure requires effective command and control. An important aspect of management responsibility is to allocate resources, including human resources, to operations and care should be taken to make sure to assign duties to staff that are adequately trained, equipped and prepared for that particular activity. Through the line of command, law enforcement officials are briefed prior to going for a particular operation, when they receive the instructions based on the tactical plan. 3.3.  Orders and obedience When a supervisor gives an order, the subordinate is personally responsible for how they execute the order. However, responsibility for the substance and lawfulness of an order lies with the person giving the orders.116 Principle 26 of the BPUFF states that “Obedience to superior orders See BPUFF, principle 26; ICPAPED. 116   45