TOLERANCE AND NON-DISCRIMINATION  : :  41 visit to Canada in October in which two of the personal representatives met with civil society, local, provincial and federal governments. The 2018 personal representatives were: • Rabbi Andrew Baker, Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office on Combating Anti-Semitism; • Professor Salvatore Martinez, Personal Representative to the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office on Combating Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination, also focusing on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians and Members of Other Religions; and • Professor Dr Bülent Şenay, Personal Representative to the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims. The high-level “Conference on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination, with a Focus on Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief: Towards a Comprehensive Response in the OSCE Region” was held in October in Rome, and organized by ODIHR and the 2018 Italian Chairmanship of the OSCE. At this event, 169 participants (83 women, 86 men) discussed good practices in addressing racism, xenophobia, gender-based discrimination, anti-Semitism and intolerance against Muslims, Christians and members of other religions. Countering intolerance against Muslims ODIHR’s efforts to counter intolerance against Muslims centred on addressing intolerance through education and mechanisms to promote the security of Muslim communities. Civil society actors from the Westerns Balkans learned about freedom of religion or belief and how they can promote this right and address attempts to undermine it in a train-the-trainer seminar organized by ODIHR and held in Sarajevo in April. Understanding hate crimes against Muslims and addressing the security needs of Muslim communities was the focus of an event held for communities in Western Europe, organized in Frankfurt in co-operation with the Goethe University’s Academy for Islam in Science and Society, and for the Western Balkans, organized with the OSCE Mission in Skopje, both in June. This was complemented by a new ODIHR factsheet about identifying and monitoring hate crimes against Muslims. Warsaw, 26 June 2018. Experts discuss results of a study on unreported hate crimes and incidents in Poland conducted by ODIHR in partnership with the Office of the Polish Commissioner for Human Rights. (OSCE/ Tomasz Filipiak)