Contents Abbreviations x Foreword xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: UN Treaty Bodies 5 Introduction 5 1.1 Definitions 7 7 1.1.1 The ICCPR and the Human Rights Committee 1.1.1.1 Article 7 ICCPR 1.1.1.2 Article 10 ICCPR 1.1.2 The UNCAT and the Committee against Torture 7 9 10 1.1.2.1 “Intentional” infliction of “severe pain or suffering” 12 1.1.2.2 Purpose 13 1.2 State Parties’ Obligations 13 1.2.1 Duty to protect from ill-treatment by private actors 13 1.2.2 Duty to investigate 15 1.2.3 Duty to enact and enforce legislation criminalising torture 18 1.2.3.1 Universal jurisdiction 21 1.2.4 Duty to exclude statements obtained by torture or other ill-treatment 23 1.2.5 Duty to train personnel and provide procedural safeguards 24 1.2.6 Duty to grant redress and compensate victims 27 1.3 Scope of Application 29 1.3.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment 30 1.3.2 Lawful sanctions 31 1.3.2.1 The death penalty 32 1.3.2.2 Corporal punishment 36 1.3.3 Conditions of detention 38 1.3.4 Solitary confinement 41 1.3.5 Incommunicado detention and enforced disappearances 43 1.3.6 Relatives of victims of human rights violations 45 v