3.2 States Parties’ Obligations 101 3.2.1 Duty to protect from ill-treatment by private actors 101 3.2.2 Duty to investigate 103 3.2.3 Duty to enact and enforce legislation 105 3.2.3.1 Universal jurisdiction 106 3.2.4 Duty to exclude evidence obtained by torture or other ill-treatment 107 3.2.5 Duty to train personnel and provide procedural safeguards 108 3.2.6 Duty to grant redress and compensate victims 110 3.3 Scope of Application 111 3.3.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment 111 113 3.3.2 Lawful sanctions 3.3.2.1 The death penalty 3.3.2.2 Corporal punishment 113 114 3.3.3 Conditions of detention 115 3.3.4 Solitary confinement 116 3.3.5 Incommunicado detention and enforced disappearances 118 3.3.6 Relatives of victims of human rights violations 120 3.3.7 Extradition and expulsion 121 3.3.7.1 Diplomatic assurances 122 Conclusion 123 Chapter 4: The African Regional System 125 Introduction 126 4.1 Definitions 126 4.1.1 Dignity 127 4.1.2 Torture 127 4.1.3 Cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment 128 4.2 State Parties’ Obligations 129 4.2.1 Duty to protect from ill-treatment by private actors 129 4.2.2 Duty to investigate 132 4.2.3 Duty to enact and enforce legislation criminalising torture 132 4.2.4 Duty to exclude statements obtained by torture or other ill-treatment 133 4.2.5 Duty to train personnel and provide procedural safeguards 133 4.2.6 Duty to grant redress and compensate victims 136 vii