fundamental and human rights �.� national preventive mechanism against torture visit and effectively fulfil the children’s right to be heard during the visit (1353/2018). There has also been cause to stress the reasons for and significance of the prohibition against retaliation. The dialogue with the child welfare institution revealed that the unit’s employees had not comprehended the contents of the UN Convention against Torture in this regard and experienced the prohibition against retaliatory measures, noted in the visit report, as insulting. The Deputy-Ombudsman noted that it is ultimately the responsibility of the institution’s management to ensure that the institution’s employees are familiar with the peremptory legislation related to their work and the duties, activities and jurisdictions of the various supervisory authorities, including the right to make unannounced inspection visits to the institution, during which the NPM have the right to interview the persons placed in the institution. The Deputy-Ombudsman has required the institution to arrange training on these matters for its employees (4099/2018). The NPM made 10 visits to child welfare units in 2018. Two of these were follow-up visits. All visits, with the exception of one follow-up visit, were unannounced. Two of the visits were attended by an expert by experience. The sites visited were: – Vuorela Residential School, Nummela, 24 January 2018, 26 placed children, state-run (356/2018) – Follow-up visit to Vuorela Residential School, 31 January 2018 (846/2018) – Children’s home Sutelakoti, Anttola, 27 March 2018, 5 places, private service provider (1605/2018) – Children’s home Rivakka, 28 March 2018, Hirvensalmi, 12 places, private service provider (1606/2018) – Pohjola Residential School, Muhos, 17–18 April 2018, 35 placed children, run by a private association (1353/2018) – Child Welfare Unit Sassikoti, Sastamala, 3 May 2018, 6 places, private service provider (2248/2018) 96 A music room in the special child welfare unit Loikala kartano. – Follow-up visit to Children’s home Salmila, Kajaani, 19 March 2018, 14 places, run by the municipality (1455/2018) – Child Welfare Unit Jussin Kodit, Haukipudas, 20–21 November 2018, 16 placed children, private service provider (4099/2018*) – Special child welfare unit Loikala Kartano, Mankala, 23 October 2018, 14 places, private service provider (5377/2018*) – Family Home Ojantakanen, Pulkkila, 20–21 November 2018, 16 placed children, private service provider (5916/2018) The inspection visit to Pohjola Residential School led the Deputy-Ombudsman to order a pre-trial investigation. The observations made during the visit also led to an urgent amendment to the Child Welfare Act (HE 237/2018 vp). Restrictive measures and setting limits are two different things Restrictive measures always involve restricting some fundamental right of the individual. They are intended to safeguard the fulfilment of the purpose of placement into care and protect the child or another individual. The use of restrictive measures always requires a case-by-case assessment of the extent to which the child’s fundamen-