Type of equipment manufactured and/or marketed Number of Chinese Total number of Chinese traders and companies stating they export abroad* manufacturers Total 134 48 Mechanical Restraints 86 28 Combination cuffs 21 8 Handcuffs 82 28 Leg cuffs 53 17 Multifunctional chains 18 4 Restraint chairs 27 7 Thumb cuffs 32 15 Weighted leg cuffs 17 6 Electric shock stun weapons 95 31 Direct contact electric shock stun batons 83 29 Direct contact electric shock stun shields 18 8 Projectile electric shock weapons 29 13 Striking weapons 82 28 Batons or truncheons 81 28 Spiked batons 21 7 Crowd control weapons 46 21 Chemical irritant sprayers/dispensers 19 9 Less lethal launchers 4 4 Kinetic impact grenades 4 4 Weapon launched chemical irritant canisters/grenades 7 4 Water cannons 15 9 Armoured Vehicles 16 11 *Companies do not necessarily export all of their equipment abroad Chinese Export Controls Chinese strategic export control legislation and administrative regulations cover the export of conventional weapons – including some law enforcement equipment – as well as chemical, biological and nuclear materials. The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Administration of Arms Exports (1997, amended 2002)105 stipulate that any export of items on the control list must adhere to certain principles – namely be used to maintain or enhance the defence capabilities of the recipient country, not impact negatively on the peace, security and stability of the relevant region and not interfere in the internal affairs of the recipient country.106 However, under these regulations, arms exports are not required to be assessed against human rights criteria.107 The legislation also outlines mechanisms for the enforcement of export controls and the prosecution for those that violate the controls, but the Chinese Government has limited capacity and political will to investigate and prosecute offenders.108 While mainly covering the export of military items, Article 29 of the Regulations states “These regulations apply to the export of police equipment”,109 and the Administrative List of Military Products control list annexed to the Regulations includes special purpose guns and grenade launchers and China’s Trade in Tools of Torture and Repression Amnesty International – Index: ASA 17/042/2014 25