Document], undated, on file with authors; J. Jason Payne-James, Graham Smith, Elizabeth Rivers, Sarah O’Rourke, Margaret Stark, Nick Sutcliffe. 49 On the misuse of armoured vehicles on policing operations in poor neighbourhoods, see Amnesty International, “We have come to take your souls”: the caveirão and policing in Rio de Janeiro (Index: AMR 19/007/2006), March 2006, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR19/007/2006 50 Amnesty International interview, August 2012. 51 See Amnesty International annual report entries for China in recent years, available at: www.amnesty.org/en/region/ china/report-2013 www.amnesty.org/en/region/china/report-2012 www.amnesty.org/en/region/china/report-2011 www.amnesty.org/en/region/china/report-2010 www.amnesty.org/en/region/china/report-2009 52 Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Man- fred Nowak, mission to China, available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/117/50/PDF/G0611750. pdf?OpenElement 53 See Amnesty International, China’s 2013 Criminal Procedure Law: In line with international standards? (Index: ASA 17/021/2013), July 2013, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/021/2013/en 54 For an analysis of legislative reform, see Amnesty International, China’s 2013 Criminal Procedure Law: In line with international standards? (Index: ASA 17/021/2013), July 2013, available at /www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ ASA17/021/2013/en. On the Re-education through Labour (RTL) system, see Amnesty International, “Changing the soup but not the medicine?”: Abolishing Re-education Through Labour in China (Index: ASA 17/042/2013), December 2013, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/042/2013/en 55 Amnesty International, “Changing the soup but not the medicine?”: Abolishing Re-education Through Labour in China (Index: ASA 17/042/2013), December 2013. See also ‘Criminal Detention as Punishment in Post-RTL Era’ in Dui Hua Human Rights Journal, 22 January 2014, available at www.duihuahrjournal.org/2014/01/criminal-detention-aspunishment-in.html (accessed August 2014). 56 Article 1 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, (adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly 39/46 of 10 December 1984, entered in to force 26 June 1987), available at www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx 57 Article 16 of the Convention against Torture, available at www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx 58 Article 1 and Article 16 of the Convention against Torture. 59 N.S. Rodley and M. Pollard, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 81. 60 Amnesty International, “Changing the soup but not the medicine?”: Abolishing Re-education Through Labour in China (Index: ASA 17/042/2013), December 2013, p. 6. 61 Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: China, A/HRC/11/25, p. 16, para. 66. 62 ‘Amnesty International assessment of implementation of previous UPR recommendations 17th Session of the UPR Working Group, 21 October – 1 November 2013’ (Index: IOR 41/011/2013), available at www.amnesty.org/pt-br/library/ asset/IOR41/011/2013/en/f7aa2539-9993-4134-919b-85b5aa3bbe7e/ior410112013en.pdf. 63 Amnesty International, “Changing the soup but not the medicine?”: Abolishing Re-education Through Labour in China (Index: ASA 17/042/2013), December 2013. 64 Amnesty International interviews, August 2012. For more information, see Amnesty International, ‘Urgent action: Falun Gong Practitioners Tortured’ (Index: ASA 17/031/2012), 23 August 2012, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/ info/ASA17/031/2012/en 65 Amnesty International interview, August 2012. 66 Yuan Ling, ‘Zouchu Masanjia’, Lens magazine, SEEC Media Group Limited, Issue 62, 2013, was available at www. lensmagazine.com.cn/reporting/focus/7607.html but has been subsequently removed. Du Bin, ‘Above the Ghosts’ Heads: The Women of Masanjia Labor Camp’ available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFEl7oophB0 (accessed August 2014). 67 Asia Catalyst, ‘”Custody and Education”: Arbitrary Detention for Female Sex Workers in China’, December 2013, p. 22, available at http://asiacatalyst.org/blog/AsiaCatalyst_CustodyEducation2013-12-EN.pdf 68 The “tiger bench” refers to a torture technique in which the individual’s hands are tied or shackled behind their back and their legs are tightly bound to a bench, and bricks or other hard material is gradually added under the victim’s feet, forcing the legs to bend upwards. 69 Amnesty International interviews, July 2013. For more information, see Amnesty International, ‘Urgent action: Six human rights defenders risk torture’ (Index: ASA 017/022/2013), 22 July 2013, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/ info/ASA17/022/2013/en 70 Amnesty International interviews, July-December 2012, for more information see, Amnesty International, ‘Urgent Action, Man faces trial following forced confession (Index: ASA 17/057/2012), 18 December 2012, available at www. amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/057/2012/en/33263637-58a1-49bd-83f4-b57dac966fa5/asa170572012en.pdf 71 The petitioning movement, made up of individuals seeking redress for alleged injustices, took off in the 2000s. Many petitioners have been subject to various forms of state persecution including arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment, see Amnesty International, “Changing the soup but not the medicine?”: Abolishing Re-education Through Labour in 36 China’s Trade in Tools of Torture and Repression Amnesty International – Index: ASA 17/042/2014