training is important, not only to maintain and improve the existing knowledge of prison staff, but also to ensure they are made aware of changes to policy and practice, including 445 new developments in good practice. All staff working within facilities where there are (suspected) violent extremist prisoners should also be adequately trained on VERLT-related issues before entering duty and 446 throughout their service. This should also include at least a general awareness or, where required, more advanced training on the phenomenon and dynamics of radicalization leading to terrorism or violence, the conditions conducive to it in prisons, the human rights risks arising in preventing and countering VERLT in prisons, and general education measures to promote political, cultural, linguistic and religious diversity and sensitivity, 447 tolerance and non-discrimination. In all of this training it is important to sensitize staff to the wide spectrum of violent extremist ideologies (including not only religious but also extreme right or ethno-nationalist motivations). The level of specialization of such training will depend on the tasks required and exposure to (suspected) violent extremist 448 prisoners. It is particularly important that staff involved in the application of VERLT-related indicators or risk assessment tools, for example, are sensitized to the potential impact of implicit biases and wrongful classification, as well as the inherent limitations and risks of any indicator system or assessment tool. The implementation of reintegration and disengagement programmes requires adequate training of both the staff directly involved in such programmes and other people working in 449 prisons, in order to avoid any actions that may undermine their success. All courses on radicalization to terrorism or violence have to be carefully designed and based on evidence to clarify any misconceptions on the process of VERLT that may reinforce stereotypes against certain groups of prisoners or lead to undue interference with prisoners’ human 450 rights, as previously highlighted. 445 ODIHR & PRI, Guidance Document on the Nelson Mandela Rules, op. cit., note 10, Chapter 1, para. 214. 446 The OSCE Presence in Albania, for example, developed a Training Basic Manual and conducted training of prison and probation staff on P/CVERLT-related issues. Overview on the project “Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism in prisons and within probation services (Phase I),” 2017. 447 Council of Europe, “Council of Europe Handbook”, op. cit., note 2, paras. 175-176; UNODC, Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons, op. cit., note 2, p. 30; EU RAN, “Dealing with Radicalization in a Prison and Probation Context: Practitioners Working Paper”, op. cit., note 150, p. 4; GCTF, “Rome Memorandum on Good Practices for Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders” op. cit., note 174, good practice 5. 448 See, e.g., EU RAN, “Approaches to Countering Radicalization and Dealing with Violent Extremist and Terrorist Offenders in Prisons and Probation”, op. cit., note 80, pp. 17-19. 449 Council of Europe, “Council of Europe Handbook”, op. cit., note 2, para. 177; UNODC, Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons, op. cit., note 2, p. 31. For details on the importance of inserting information about laws and policies on rehabilitation programs in prison operation manuals, internal policies and procedures, and correctional training curriculum see: GCTF, “Initiative to Address the Life Cycle of Radicalization to Violence”. 450 See human rights risk area 1 for further details. See also, Council of Europe, “Council of Europe Handbook”, op. cit., note 2, para. 175.b. Examples of training programmes on radicalization to terrorism or violence include those being implemented in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. For information on relevant programmes in these and other countries in the European Union, see: EU RAN, “Preventing Radicalization to Terrorism and Violent Extremism Prison and Probation Interventions”, 2019. 92