i.
ii.
iii.
Pre-questioning consultation with the client ............................................................................. 24
Initial steps ................................................................................................................................. 25
If the interpreter is unqualified .................................................................................................. 25
b. General approach for questioning .................................................................................................. 26
i.
Brief the client on interpretation issues ..................................................................................... 26
ii. Record-keeping .......................................................................................................................... 26
iii. What to look for – in general ..................................................................................................... 26
iv. What to look for – specific issues ............................................................................................... 27
Control questions ................................................................................................................... 27
Incriminating statements ....................................................................................................... 27
Issues with consecutive interpretation .................................................................................. 28
Lexicon ................................................................................................................................... 28
First person interpretation ..................................................................................................... 29
The interpreter ‘advising’ the client ....................................................................................... 29
c.
Complaining about interpretation quality ...................................................................................... 29
i.
During the interview ................................................................................................................... 29
ii. After the interview: .................................................................................................................... 29
3.
Making arguments before the courts ................................................................................... 30
a. The court’s own duty to ensure adequate interpretation .............................................................. 30
b. The court’s duty in respect of inadequate police station interpretation: ‘Exercising control’ when
‘put on notice’ ......................................................................................................................................... 30
iii. The embryonic ‘retroactive control’ principle in Diallo v. Sweden ............................................ 30
iv. Establishing a retroactive control obligation under the Directive.............................................. 31
c.
Framing arguments ......................................................................................................................... 32
i.
Use your notes from the police station ...................................................................................... 32
ii. Rely on the failure to take ‘concrete measures’......................................................................... 32
iii. Different standards at police stations and court ........................................................................ 32
III – THE ‘THIRD LANGUAGE’ ISSUE ............................................................................................. 34
A.
THE ISSUE .................................................................................................................................. 34
B.
THE ECHR BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 34
C.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 34
D.
USING THE DIRECTIVE IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 34
1. Challenging a decision to provide third-language interpretation......................................... 35
2. Challenging inadequate interpretation................................................................................. 35
a.
b.
At the initial questioning ................................................................................................................ 35
Before the court .............................................................................................................................. 35
IV –TRANSLATION OF ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS ........................................................................... 36
A.
THE ISSUE .................................................................................................................................. 36
B.
THE ECHR BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 36
C.
1.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 37
The right to translation of essential documents ................................................................... 37
a.
b.
2.
3.
The general right ............................................................................................................................. 37
Documents which are always essential / other documents ........................................................... 38
Partial translation.................................................................................................................. 38
The ‘oral translation / summary’ exception.......................................................................... 39
3