ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere gratitude to those who provided assistance and support at various stages of the updating process: Sebastian Herwig, Anahit Simonyan, Viktoria Skrivankova and Marina Tondo that helped with research; Laura Pugieu and Christopher Keeler for the editorial assistance; Seynabou Benga for the background research; Anne-Laurence Lacroix and Marina Gente for the overall support and assistance. We would also like to thank Judy A. Oder of INTERIGHTS and the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR) for permission to include their pleadings in an actual case before the African Commission in the appendices of the Handbook. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this book are solely those of the authors of this book. They do not reflect the views of any institution or organization. 5