2. The Jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights a. The Prohibition against Torture: General Principles and Conceptual Clarifications 48 b. Incommunicado Detention 53 c. Violations of Human Dignity 54 d. Conditions of Detention 56 e. Detention on Grounds of Mental Health 58 f. Death Penalty 59 g. Corporal Punishment 62 h. Other Forms of Punishment 62 i. Safeguards 63 j. Refoulement 64 k. Enforced Disappearances 65 l. Extraordinary Renditions 65 m. Procedural Duties 66 VIII. Substantive Norms under Other African Human Rights Treaties 1. 2. 48 68 The Prohibition of Torture in the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 68 The Prohibition of Torture in the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 71 PART C: PROTECTION AGAINST TORTURE: PROCEDURES BEFORE THE AFRICAN COMMISSION AND AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COURT 73 IX. Individual Communications 75 12 1. Overview 75 2. Choice of Forum 77 3. Locus Standi 79 4. Admissibility a. Communications Must Disclose Authors and their Contact Information 81 82 b. Violations Alleged Must Have Occurred After Ratification of the Charter 82