tifying VoTs.55 There is no national legislation setting out who is in charge of identifying VoTs in either Australia or New Zealand. QUESTION 3 Is there a specific procedure for the early identification of VoTs? QUESTION 4 According to national legislation, when must the procedure for early identification of VoTs take place? Respondents were asked to confirm the stage at which early identification of VoTs should take place, according to national legislation: (a) when the asylum application is lodged; (b) on arrival at the reception centre; (c) during the qualification process; (d) other. QUESTION 5 Does the national legislation set out who is in charge of the early identification of VoTs? General observations The majority of those responding state that their respective country does not have a specific procedure in place for the early identification of VoTs (72 percent). Of the three countries with a specific procedure for early identification, two are in the Pacific (Australia and New Zealand). The member centres in Germany gave differing responses as to whether there is a specific procedure in place for early identification of VoTs. Is there a specific procedure for the early identification of VoTs? Yes: Moldova, Australia, New Zealand. No: Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, Canada and USA. Not sure: Germany Yes (3; 17 percent) No (14; 77 percent) Not sure (1; 6 percent) Europe The majority of respondents indicated that their country in Europe (both EU and non-EU) do not have a special procedure in place for the early identification of VoTs. Only RCTV Memoria confirmed that there is a specific procedure for the early identification of VoTs in Moldova, and identification may take place at any step of the asylum process, i.e. when an application is lodged, at an immigration reception centre or during the qualification process. In many cases, VoTs are identified as such during examination and assistance at the member centre. The situation in Germany depends according to the regional state: in some regions legal advisors and Recognising victims of torture in national asylum procedures / 27