A/74/148 recording and responding effectively to complaints of torture or ill -treatment, including domestic violence and to establish services and instit utions capable of initiating and implementing protective measures in a prompt and effective manner. 27 (c) Investigative and procedural duties. Investigative and procedural duties require an investigation into all credible allegations or suspicions of tort ure or illtreatment, which must be independent and impartial, effective, prompt, expeditious, sufficiently open to public scrutiny, capable of identifying those responsible and holding them to account; and which involves the victims or their next -of-kin to the extent necessary to safeguard their legitimate interests in the proceedings. The duty to investigate credible allegations of domestic violence can be intrinsically linked to the operational duty in respect of an ongoing situation, and an investigatio n may trigger duties to take specific measures for the protection of (potential) victims who are at risk from private perpetrators. 28 (d) Redress, reparation and non-recurrence. States must secure avenues towards redress and reparation for all victims of torture or other ill-treatment, including victims of domestic violence, and take concrete measures to ensure non-recurrence (A/HRC/14/22, paras. 62–64). III. Applying the substantive definition of torture and ill-treatment to predominant patterns of domestic violence 24. The present section applies the substantive aspect of the definitions of torture and ill-treatment to concrete manifestations of domestic violence, without prejudice to the question of State responsibility and of individual criminal culpability, both of which need to be separately assessed. Given the virtually unlimited forms that domestic violence can take, and given that some of the described practices can also manifest in contexts other than domestic violence, the following examples are not comprehensive or exclusive, but instead focus on patterns of domestic violence that are highly prevalent throughout the world. A. Killings 25. Approximately one in five homicides globally is perpetrated by an intimate partner or family member (64 per cent female and 36 per cent male victims), and at least one in seven exclusively by an intimate partner (82 per cent female and 18 per cent male victims). 29 The staggering numbers of women killed by an intimate partner recently led to a call by numerous international human rights mechanisms for measures to end what can only be described as a “global epidemic of femicide”. 30 In practice, those killings are commonly the culmination of a history of dome stic violence. Likewise, children face the highest risk of homicide by parents and someone they know. 31 __________________ 27 28 29 30 31 10/23 See, for example, Opuz v. Turkey. See also REDRESS and Amnesty International, Gender and Torture (2011), pp. 15–17. See D. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Liberty and others intervening); V. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Liberty and others intervening), Supreme Court of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2018), UKSC 11. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Study on Homicide: Gender-related Killing of Women and Girls (2018), p. 11; Heidi Stöckl et al, “The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review”, The Lancet, vol. 382 (September (2013) pp. 859–865. www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23921&LangID=E . Heidi Stöckl et al, “Child homicide perpetrators worldwide: a systematic review”, in British Medical Journal Paediatrics Open, vol. 1, iss. 1 (2017). 19-11892