E/CN.4/2002/76 page 8 (k) Training courses and training manuals should be provided for police and security personnel and, when requested, assistance should be provided by the United Nations programme of advisory services and technical assistance. Security and law enforcement personnel should be instructed on the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 3 the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, 4 the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, 5 and the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, and these instruments should be translated into the relevant national languages. In the course of training, particular stress should be placed upon the principle that the prohibition of torture is absolute and non-derogable and that there exists a duty to disobey orders from a superior to commit torture. Governments should scrupulously translate into national guarantees the international standards they have approved and should familiarize law enforcement personnel with the rules they are expected to apply; (l) Health-sector personnel should be instructed on the Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Detainees and Prisoners against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.6 Governments and professional medical associations should take strict measures against medical personnel that play a role, direct or indirect, in torture. Such prohibition should extend to such practices as examining detainees to determine their “fitness for interrogation” and procedures involving ill-treatment or torture, as well as providing medical treatment to ill-treated detainees so as to enable them to withstand further abuse. In other cases, the withholding of appropriate medical treatment by medical personnel should be subject to sanction. Notes 1 General Assembly resolution 43/173, annex. 2 See General Assembly resolution 55/89, annex. 3 Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Geneva, 1955. 4 General Assembly resolution 34/169, annex. 5 Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 1990. 6 General Assembly resolution 37/194, annex.