The Bangkok Rules 37 Rule 33 This Rule takes account of the need to train prison staff in the gender specific treatment and supervision needs of women prisoners in order to ensure the effective management of and the promotion of rehabilitation in women’s prisons. It also recognizes the reality that prison staff are typically the first responders to prisoners’ and/or their children’s health problems, including in emergencies, when prisoners or their children may be harmed and need immediate attention and other emergencies. In many systems prison medical specialists will not be readily available to respond in such circumstances. Training of prison staff on basic health care relevant to women and children and how to apply first aid in emergency situations, is therefore important to ensure that women and children receive immediate basic health care and are referred to specialists by prison staff without delay, as required. Rule 34 This Rule complements other measures, provided in Rule 17, taking into account women’s distinctive needs, which include protection from stigma and discrimination due to their HIV status. Rule 35 This Rule complements Rule 16 to ensure effectiveness of the protection of women prisoners against suicide and self-harm, recognising the central role of prison staff in detecting those at risk and providing timely assistance. Rules 36-39 Juvenile female prisoners referred to in this section include the age group referred to in the “United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty” (1990), Rule 11 (a), which specifies that a juvenile is every person under the age of 18, adding that this is the age limit below which it should not be permitted to deprive a child of his or her liberty. Recognizing the special needs of juvenile female prisoners, Rules 36-39 aim to provide guidance to prison authorities in providing for these needs. In this context it should be noted that Rule 26.4 of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) states that “…young female offenders placed in an institution deserve special attention as to their personal needs and problems. They shall by no means receive less care, protection, assistance, treatment and training than young male offenders. Their fair treatment should be ensured…” Accordingly, the Beijing Rules recognize the fact that the disadvantages faced by women prisoners, in comparison to their male counterparts, are even more acute in the case of juvenile female prisoners, as a result of their very small numbers in most prison systems. They may not be separated from adult prisoners, due to the lack of special facilities for juvenile female prisoners, and thereby their safety is put at risk. United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, Rule 18 which applies to juveniles under arrest or awaiting trial, provides that “The conditions under which an untried juvenile is detained should be consistent with the rules set out below, with additional specific provisions as are necessary and appropriate, given the requirements of the presumption of innocence, the duration of the detention and the legal status and circumstances of the juvenile. These provisions would include, but not necessarily be restricted to, the following: ( b ) Juveniles should be provided, where possible, with opportunities to pursue work, with remuneration, and continue education or training, but should not be required to do so. Work, education or training should not cause the continuation of the detention.”