-47 clarify and concretise their meaning. Examples of this practice have been found with the NPMs in France and the UK. GOOD PRACTICE NPM United Kingdom – Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons of England and Wales (HMIP) published inspection criteria known as ‘Expectations’ that are based on international standards, but adapted to the UK context and, in certain aspects, go beyond them pushing towards higher standards rather than internationally defined minimum (see also below, § 4.1.3). In 2019 the French NPM published “Minimum Recommendations to Respect the Dignity and Fundamental Rights of People Deprived of Liberty”. The document summarises and organises the essence of the doctrine developed by the French NPM since 2008, including recommendations relevant for the prevention of violence (e.g. preventing any undermining of prisoner’s physical or mental integrity and limiting checks and constraints in addition to deprivation of liberty).90 Although the document does not include any specific indicators for monitors, it gives a good overview of the standards as used by the French NPMs in its recommendations. 4.1.3. A systemic approach to monitoring prison violence To be effective, NPMs need to adopt a systemic approach. They should start by formulating the desired outcome they try to accomplish with their preventive monitoring, or in other words, ‘begin with the end in mind” and ‘visualize the desired change”.91 This helps the monitoring team maintain a clear and common understanding of ‘what should be” and define specific objectives. The decision which matters a NPM will investigate, will depend on what it wants to achieve (see also in this series the Dossier). To find a common approach, especially regarding the complex topic of violence, members of the visiting team might find it useful to 90. French NPM (Contrôleur Général des Lieux de Privation de Liberté), Contrôleur Général des Lieux de Privation de Liberté’s Minimum Recommendations to Respect the Dignity and Fundamental Rights of People Deprived of Liberty (Contrôleur Général des Lieux de Privation de Liberté 2019). 91.Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights (BIM) and Human Rights Implementation Centre (HRIC) a, Enhancing Impact of National Preventive Mechanisms. Strengthening the Follow-up on NPM Recommendations in the EU: Strategic Development, Current Practices and the Way Forward (2015) 92. Monitoring Prison Violence