iv Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Geneva, 22 August-3 September 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council in its resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977. v Adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990. vi Adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988. 11