E XPLANATION OF SYMBOLS OBJECTIVE This section highlights the main learning objective/s of the chapter. ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES This section sets out the main international standards relating to the subject covered by the chapter by summarizing the relevant provisions of the international instruments. BASIS IN INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS This section reproduces selected provisions of international instruments relevant to the subject covered by the chapter. IMPLICATIONS This section highlights the implications of the international standards covered by the chapter in terms of action required by prison officials and management. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS This section proposes practical courses of action to assist prison officials and management in applying the international standards dealt with in the chapter. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION This section suggests topics drawn from the issues addressed in the chapter which could be discussed with and among trainees in full classroom sessions or small working groups. CASE STUDY/STUDIES This section suggests practical situations which could be discussed in small working groups to enable trainees to "put into practice" the knowledge they have acquired on the international standards. iv