Addressing the Conditions Conducive to FTF-related Activity and Perceived Injustice The importance of understanding and addressing “the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism” has been widely acknowledged.216 The mutually reinforcing relationship between effective long-term prevention of terrorism and respect for human rights, development and rule of law, was reflected in the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and in many other contexts since, including the UN Secretary General’s Plan of Action on PVE and OSCE commitments.217 The emphasis on the need to create economic, educational and employment opportunities, and to address underlying human rights problems, is supported by findings on the motivating factors driving FTF flows outlined above. The various “push” and “pull” factors that drive individuals towards FTF recruitment include social disadvantage, poor educational and employment opportunities, and perceived injustice and a sense of shared identity with groups affected by perceived injustice.218 Acknowledgement of grievances, widespread disillusionment and meaningful engagement with affected individuals and groups have been identified as important aspects of comprehensive strategies to effectively prevent FTF-related travel and recourse to violence. Attention should also be given to grievances and gender-specific conditions that are conducive to women and girls joining terrorist and violent extremist groups.219 Acknowledgement and engagement with affected individuals and groups on such issues may also prove critical to the effectiveness of more coercive responses, such as prosecutions, where appropriate. Genuine engagement with groups and affected individuals can help law enforcement agencies to obtain evidence and facilitate access to suspects and witnesses, thereby overcoming some of the obstacles that arise in the investigation of terror-related crimes. Disengagement, Rehabilitation and Reintegration The focus on prevention is closely linked to the rehabilitation and reintegration of those who have become involved in some way in FTF-related acts. Many individuals who travelled to conflict zones now seek to return to their home or other countries. As such, there need to be effective screening and risk assessment processes in place for returnees, in light of the risk that some may pose a terrorist threat when they return to their home countries. But the trend of people seeking to return also creates an opportunity for effective programmes of reintegration. 216  UNSG Plan of Action on PVE, op. cit., note 206, and UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, op. cit., note 55. 217  “Ministerial Declaration on Reinforcing OSCE Efforts to Counter Terrorism in the Wake of Recent Terrorist Attacks”, adopted by the OSCE Ministerial Council in Belgrade on 4 December 2015, MC.DOC/3/15. 218  UNOCT Report July 2017, op. cit., note 27. 219  F. Ní Aoláin and J. Huckerby, “Gendering Counter-terrorism: How to, and How not to – Part II”, Just Security, 3 May 2018, <www.justsecurity.org/55670/gendering-counterterrorism-to-part-ii/>, (hereafter, F. Ní Aoláin and J. Huckerby, “Gendering Counter-terrorism: How to, and How not to – Part II”). The article was published in two parts. The first part is available at: <www.justsecurity.org/55522/gendering-counterterrorism-to/>. 60 Guidelines for Addressing the Threats and Challenges of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters”