26 Georgia France No external independent mechanism exists for investigating complaints against the police. Citizens have the right to appeal Complaints may be referred directly to the DR either on-line or by mail. The Defender of Rights is a single authority that joined together several pre-existing oversight bodies in an effort to simplify access to complaint mechanisms. Any natural or legal person may refer a case to the DR directly and free of charge. The Defender of Rights (DR) is competent to deal with complaints against the police. General Inspection Department investigates and responds to allegations concerning violations of: Previous oversight mechanisms had attracted much criticism from organisations such as Amnesty International. The DR oversees the protection of rights and freedoms, promotes equality and ensures greater access to rights. reports to the Government and to Parliament. General Inspection Department can reprimand, demote, or dismiss an officer who is found to be in breach of the law - DR shall not accept instructions from any authority, person or pressure group; - duties of the DR cannot be terminated prematurely, except in case of an unexpected obstacle ascertained by the highest courts of France; - legal proceedings cannot be instituted against the DR and (s)he cannot be arrested or tried on the basis of opinions or acts connected with the performance of duties; - duties of the DR cannot be combined with an electoral mandate or any other public office or professional activity. The autonomy and independence of the DR are guaranteed by law which states: The DR is an independent administrative authority enshrined in the Constitution (2008) and established by the Organic and Ordinary Laws of 29th March 2011.