01005727 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 112. Prior to the DK period, the Khmer Rouge built up a huge reservoir of hatred of city people among their followers.310 The evacuation of cities therefore served a dual purpose, namely to prevent enemies from destabilising CPK forces, and also to prevent cadres from being corrupted by the urban population.311 Based on the above, the Chamber is satisfied that a policy of repeated movements from towns and cities to rural areas existed before the DK period. There was an economic as well as a political rationale behind these movements. 3.3.2. Establishment of Cooperatives and Worksites pre-April 1975 113. In a process initiated in May 1972 and officially confirmed one year later, the Central Committee decided to close markets in the liberated zones and to establish cooperatives in order to “[attack] the power of the classes of feudalists, land owners, and capitalists and to cut off private trading.”312 The process of gradually establishing cooperatives varied depending on the zones and on the level of the cooperatives, but the central objective was to eliminate private ownership of land and the means of production and to replace it with a system of cooperative ownership with the State in complete control of commerce and executing an “absolute democratic revolution.”313 The CPK distributed circulars prohibiting people from selling food and supplies to the enemy and assigning them to produce crops collectively. 314 In 1972-1973, cooperatives were established in a number of regions within the control of the CPK, PONCHAUD) p. 61 ; T. 10 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD) p. 3-4 ; T. 19 June 2013 (NOU Mao), p. 42. 310 T. 23 July 2012 (David CHANDLER), p. 49. 311 T. 26 July 2012 (ROCHOEM Ton alias PHY Phuon), p. 32 (he learned this during study sessions chaired by POL Pot, NUON Chea or KHIEU Samphan discussing the CPK’s positive experiences with forced evacuations); T. 30 July 2012 (ROCHOEM Ton alias PHY Phuon), p. 26 (to fight the American imperialists and the regime everyone had to be absolute and determined so that “we” could not be bought by the American imperialists: “We had to be the very clean and proper people to achieve this triumph”); T. 20 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 63; T. 5 April 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 114 (similarly learned through Revolutionary Flag magazines that people were evacuated to ensure that when the enemy was attacked they would be deprived of people to support them, and this would isolate and render the enemy helpless). 312 Report on Third Year Anniversary of the Organization of Peasant Cooperatives, E3/50, 20 May 1976, p. 2, ERN (En) 00636009; Revolutionary Flag, E169/4/1.1.2, Dec 1975-Jan 1976, pp. 18-19, ERN (En) 00865708-09; Revolutionary Flag, E3/10, September-October 1976, pp. 10-11, ERN (En) 00450510-11. 313 Revolutionary Flag, E3/5, August 1975, pp. 3-9, ERN (En) 00401478-84. 314 Revolutionary Flag, E3/783, Sept-Oct 1972, p. 9, ERN (En) 00720210. Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 60