01005728 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 in some cases based on orders coming from the sector.315 This process was further developed and, for example, as discussed more fully below, in March 1974, the town of Oudong was captured by the Khmer Rouge and an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 people were forcibly moved to rural areas and resettled in cooperatives.316 114. In parallel with the control of the economy a widespread system of bartering began, and the use of LON Nol regime currency was either partly restricted or prohibited altogether.317 The CPK imposed increasingly difficult working conditions on members of cooperatives.318 According to KAING Guek Eav alias Duch, who had created a cooperative at M-13B for suspects and those who had committed minor offences,319 the CPK required those in cooperatives to work ten hours a day, seven days a week.320 115. The Chamber heard contrasting evidence regarding the purpose behind the creation of cooperatives. NUON Chea acknowledged that around 1972, the Standing 315 T. 12 November 2012 (PECHUY Chipse), pp. 86-87; T. 26 January 2012 (PRAK Yut), pp. 106107; T. 21 May 2013 (PROM Sou), p. 8; T. 6 June 2012 (SAO Sarun), p. 8. 316 T. 10 July 2013 (Stephen HEDER), pp. 86-87; T. 11 July 2013 (Stephen HEDER), p. 5; Book by P. SHORT: Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare, E3/9, 2004, p. 257, ERN (En) 00396465. 317 T. 6 May 2013 (Phillip SHORT), pp. 99-100; Revolutionary Flag, E3/5, August 1975, p. 9, ERN (En) 00401484. 318 T. 12 December 2012 (KHAM Phan alias PHAN Van), pp. 37-38 (cooperatives were established in Sector 105 well before the liberation of Phnom Penh where people ate communally and worked collectively); T. 17 July 2013 (Stephen HEDER), pp. 80-81 referencing Book by S. HEDER, Cambodia Communism and the Vietnamese Model, E3/22, p. 169, ERN 00393932, fn. 84 (the CPK became even more violent and repressive after mid-1973 by insisting on agricultural cooperatives in zones under its control, curtailing the practice of religion, and imposing restrictions on villagers’ movements); T. 6 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), p. 18 (particularly after 1973, American intelligence material indicates that conditions were difficult in Khmer Rouge areas and people tried to flee); Book by D. CHANDLER: A History of Cambodia, E3/1686, 2000, p. 208, ERN (En) 00422836 (in early 1973, authorities in Phnom Penh were aware that the CPK introduced compulsory cooperatives in some areas which were rumoured to be uncompromising as insurgents herded villagers into the forest whenever a town or village was captured); BUN Loengchauy Interview Record, E3/5636, 19 August 2001, p. 11, ERN (En) 00711201 (from 1973, private property was transferred to collective ownership); Book by N. CHANDA: Brother Enemy: The War after the War, E3/2376, 1986, pp. 71-72, ERN (En) 00192256-57 (in mid-1973, private ownership of land and the use of money were abolished, agricultural cooperatives introduced and Vietnamese traders and fishermen were driven out of Cambodia. Those Vietnamese residents who remained in Cambodia were forced into cooperatives which, according to Sihanouk, were virtual concentration camps); Book by B. KIERNAN: How Pol Pot Came to Power: A History of Communism in Kampuchea, 1930-1975, E3/1815, 1985, p. 372, ERN (En) 00487492 (one peasant reported “We were forced to work very hard, and got nothing.” The wearing of black clothing became compulsory, and the death penalty was commonly applied, particularly for evasion of the CPK draft). 319 T. 19 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 41, 49; T. 21 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 1516. 320 T. 21 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 14. Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 61