-20 • When strategizing about follow-up action: Are relevant stakeholders explicitly mapped and analysed in terms of their power and interest in implementing or opposing a change recommended by the NPM?30 • Do NPMs engage explicitly and systematically in networking and cooperation with other actors in order to enhance implementation of their recommendations? • How do external actors, especially civil society, view the cooperation with the NPM and how could it be improved? • In which way do NPMs include relevant skills in training programmes for monitors? Active listening for understanding the situation and perspectives of others (beyond training of interviewing persons deprived of liberty). Establishing good/professional communication with all groups/ stakeholders relevant to monitoring. Acting with keen appreciation of the dignity of all stakeholders, including staff. 2.6. Look at the “bottom of the iceberg” and understand underlying cultural patterns Meaning of the principle - the basic idea With a view to obtaining ‘the whole picture’ a systemic approach pays particular attention to what “cannot be seen”. This is commonly illustrated with the iceberg metaphor: while we focus on the ten percent above the water – mostly events and outcomes – it is important to take into account the 90 percent below the surface, the bottom of the iceberg. For a deeper insight into the application of the iceberg model to monitoring of prison violence (see in this series, the Handbook on Monitoring Prison Violence). 30. See BIM/HRIC, 99-101.