and use should be prohibited. Such prohibited devices should as a minimum include RCA artillery shells, aerial bombs, large-calibre mortar shells, and cluster munitions. 3. Overview of changing nature of less lethal weapons manufacture and trade The manufacture, production and transfer of less lethal weapons has traditionally been dominated by companies in a small number of countries with well-established production of military and police munitions, largely concentrated in Europe and North America, particularly the USA, UK, France and Germany. This can partly be explained by a large domestic market and aggressive export policies (USA); ex-colonial administrations, trading and training links (UK and France); or advanced manufacturing and production (Germany). Whilst many other countries have had some small-scale production, often it was for domestic use, with only sporadic, limited exports. However, over the last 10 years use of less lethal weapons and ammunition has increased dramatically both in the numbers used and also in the geographic scope of their use. Likewise less lethal weapons and ammunition production has also markedly increased amongst nontraditional manufacturing States including Brazil, China, Turkey and certain Middle East States, with a number of new companies becoming increasingly active in the market. Some illustrative examples include: United Arab Emirates (UAE) In 2009 the German company NEWCO Safety Technologies (NST) partnered with two UAE companies MP3 International and Caracal Light Ammunition (part of the Tawazun Group) to establish Caracal Pyrotechnics, and begin the local production in the UAE of a range of pyrotechnics and less lethal munitions including stun grenades, and a range of 40mm cartridge projectiles including barricade penetrator, flash-bang, coloured smoke, CS, OC, rubber baton and multi-rubber ball.xliv The UAE government owned company, Caracal Pyrotechnics, subsequently changed its name to Advanced Pyrotechnics LLC (APT) and local production began in 2018 on a new production line, in a brand new factory.xlv APT was set up with “the objective to manufacture and sell pyrotechnic and non-lethal ammunition to the regional and global markets”,xlvi and the company has promoted a wide range of products at international exhibitions including Milipol 2013, Eurosatory 2015 (both in France) EDEX 2018 (Egypt) and IDEX 2019 (UAE) but to date it is unclear if any sales, other than to UAE police and armed forces have been achieved.xlvii Oman The Oman government-owned Oman Munition Production Company (OMPC) was established in 2013, originally to produce small arms and light weapons ammunition. A contract was subsequently announced with French company Manurhin, to supply machinery and fit out of a new factory.xlviii Construction of the factory began in 2015 and trial production began in 2016,xlix with the factory fully opened in 2018.l At the Defence Services Asia (DSA) 2018 international exhibition in Malaysia, OMPC promoted a range of less lethal weapons, including tear gas hand grenades, low velocity 40 mm caliber grenades, and 37/38 mm tear smoke grenades.li At the IDEX 2019 exhibition in February 2019 in the UAE, OMPC physically exhibited further less lethal munitions including the CSB-1B Flash Bang grenade, CS3P 37/38mm CS Tear Gas Cartridge Long Range and the 40mm Air Burster cartridge. In the OMPC product catalogue distributed at the exhibition the company promoted less lethal munitions including CS tear gas hand grenades, 37/38mm CS smoke cartridges and 3-part multi-CS grenade. The