munitions, images, code numbers and specifications in the OMPC catalogue appear almost identical to those of a number of South Korean companies who produce less lethal munitions. The products are marked in the OMPC catalogue “Production through Partner”,lii but the nature of the production and whether it is licensed production, local assembly or importation is not presently known. Egypt It has long been known that Egypt possessed the capacity to produce some less lethal munitions and ammunition, but until recently little detail was publicly available regarding their types and specifications, or use. Media reporting and social media images of less lethal munitions used in Egypt during protests over the past 5 years have indicated mainly US origin munitions. However, recently, a number of Egyptian companies have promoted their products either nationally or internationally indicating production of new types of less lethal munitions. Abikir Engineering Industries Company (also known as Factory 10, Abu Kir and Aboukir) currently manufactures a range of shotgun ammunition including “Anti Crime rubber Buckshot” which incorporates 15 rubber balls, in 12 or 16-gauge, “produced specially for law enforcement purposes”. The company’s factory has been equipped with specialist ammunition loading machinery from BSN of Italy.liii Kaha Company for Chemical Industries )also known as Factory 270) was known to produce a riot control rifle grenade amongst its military munitions, but no detail of other less lethal munitions was previously known.liv Recently the company promoted new products at two Middle East international arms exhibitions, EDEX 2018 in Egypt and IDEX 2019 in the UAE. Products promoted included a wide range of less lethal munitions such as the ‘F1 270/3 Riot CS’ grenade, ‘G-270 Thunder Flash Stun Grenade’ , ‘C-279 Concussion Hand Grenade’, 66mm and 76mm CS tear gas grenades, 38mm single, triple and quadruple CS tear gas projectile cartridges and a ‘Rubber Body CS Tear Gas grenade’.lv Brazil Condor Tecnologias Não-Letais /Non Lethal Tecnologies has grown over the last 10 years to become a major manufacturer and exporter of less lethal munitions and devices. It manufactures a very wide range of less lethal devices including the Spark projectile electric shock weapon, less-lethal launchers, stun grenades, kinetic impact projectile ammunition and chemical irritant grenades, projectiles and sprayers.lvi Condor’s reported exports rose from ‘up to USD 1 Million’ in 2009 to ‘USD 10-50 Million’ in 2015.lvii Recent trade data indicates a conservative figure for exports of up to USD 20 Million to countries including Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Kazakhstan.lviii China China has become one of the largest developers and suppliers of less lethal weapons and munitions, police ‘riot control vehicles’ including water cannon and acoustic, optical and directed energy weapons. Data gathered by the Omega Research Foundation indicates that the number of Chinese companies involved in the development, manufacture and trade of less lethal weapons and equipment has risen from 28 in 2003, to over 130 during 2014.lix Chinese manufacturers have also increased their marketing activities and presence at international policing and security exhibitions in the past 5 years, now regularly attending Milipol and Eurosatory in France, IDEX in the UAE, LAAD in Brazil, AAD in South Africa and DSA in Malaysia.lx Chinese production is dominated by State owned companies such as Norinco, China Jing’an Equipment Import / Export Corporation and China South Industries Group (CSG), often with multiple subsidiaries producing a wide range of traditional less lethal munitions as well as optical, acoustic and directed energy systems. In addition, in the past 5