a protective environment for them (arts. 5 (2), 5 (4), 5 (5)).189 All such measures must promote human rights and use an approach that recognizes both gender concerns and the special needs of children (arts. 1 (1)(a) and 5 (3)). The importance of addressing vulnerability to trafficking is emphasized by United Nations political organs190 and United Nations human rights bodies191 and through a range of regional See also Explanatory Report on the European Trafficking Convention, para. 106. The Explanatory Report explains that the concept of a protective environment, as promoted by UNICEF, has eight key components: protecting children’s rights from adverse attitudes, traditions, customs, behaviour and practices; government commitment to and protection and realisation of children’s rights; open discussion of, and engagement with, child protection issues; drawing up and enforcing protective legislation; the capacity of those dealing and in contact with children, families and communities to protect children; children’s life skills, knowledge and participation; putting in place a system for monitoring and reporting abuse cases; programmes and services to enable child victims of trafficking to recover and reintegrate. 189 Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Human Rights Council resolution 11/3, para. 3; General Assembly resolution 63/156, preamble, paras. 3, 4; Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Human Rights Council resolution 8/12, preamble, para. 2; General Assembly resolution 61/180, para. 6; General Assembly resolution 61/144, para. 3; Commission on Human Rights, Trafficking in Women and Girls, CHR Res. 2004/45, para. 19; General Assembly resolution 58/137, preamble, paras. 2, 5. 190 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has repeatedly called on States to address the vulnerability of women to trafficking and related exploitation in its concluding observations: Cameroon (CEDAW/C/ CMR/CO/3, para. 31); Madagascar (CEDAW/C/ MDG/CO/5, para. 21); Myanmar (CEDAW/C/MMR/ CO/3, para. 27); Saudi Arabia (CEDAW/C/SAU/ CO/2, para. 24); Bolivia (CEDAW/C/BOL/CO/4, para. 27); Burundi (CEDAW/C/BDI/CO/4, para. 28); Belize (CEDAW/C/BLZ/CO/4, para. 22); Brazil (CEDAW/C/ BRA/CO/6, para. 24); Estonia (CEDAW/C/EST/CO/4, para. 19); Guinea (CEDAW/C/GIN/CO/6, para. 29); Hungary (CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/6, para. 23); Indonesia (CEDAW/C/IDN/CO/5, para. 25); Kenya (CEDAW/C/ 191 and international policy instruments.192 The Trafficking Principles and Guidelines highlight particular measures to reduce vulnerability, including: the provision of accurate information for potential migrants; the development of realistic information campaigns to inform communities about trafficking; and the expansion KEN/CO/6, para. 30); Mauritania (CEDAW/C/MRT/ CO/1, para. 32); Mozambique (CEDAW/C/MOZ/CO/2, para. 27); Sierra Leone (CEDAW/C/SLE/CO/5, para. 29); Azerbaijan (CEDAW/C/AZE/CO/3, para. 20); Kazakhstan (CEDAW/C/KAZ/CO/2, para. 18); Namibia (CEDAW/C/ NAM/CO/3, para. 21); Nicaragua (CEDAW/C/NIC/ CO/6, paras. 21-22); Peru (CEDAW/C/PER/CO/6, para. 31); Viet Nam (CEDAW/C/VNM/CO/6, para. 19); Georgia (CEDAW/C/GEO/CO/3, para. 22); Philippines (CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, para. 20); Moldova (CEDAW/C/ MDA/CO/3, para. 25); Uzbekistan (CEDAW/C/UZB/ CO/3, para. 26); Bosnia and Herzegovina (CEDAW/C/ BIH/CO/3, para. 28); Romania (CEDAW/C/ROM/CO/6, para. 23); Thailand (CEDAW/C/THA/CO/5, para. 28). The Committee on the Rights of the Child has done the same regarding children in its concluding observations: Democratic Republic of the Congo (CRC/C/COD/CO/2, para. 7); United Republic of Tanzania (CRC/C/OPSC/TZA/ CO/1, para. 42); United States of America (CRC/C/OPSC/ USA/CO/1, para. 44); Maldives (CRC/C/MDV/CO/3, para. 90); Sudan (CRC/C/OPSC/SDN/CO/1, paras. 6, 39); Kazakhstan (CRC/C/KAZ/CO/3, para. 61); Kenya (CRC/C/KEN/CO/2, para. 63); Bangladesh (CRC/C/ OPSC/BGD/CO/1, para. 21); Costa Rica (CRC/C/ OPSC/CRI/CO/1, paras. 21, 27); Latvia (CRC/C/LVA/ CO/2, para. 58); United Republic of Tanzania (CRC/C/ TZA/CO/2, para. 61); Qatar (CRC/C/OPSC/QAT/ CO/1, para. 37); Russian Federation (CRC/C/RUS/ CO/3, para. 74); Yemen (CRC/C/15/Add.267, para. 73); Armenia (CRC/C/14/Add.225, para. 67 (b)). The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons has repeatedly referred to the obligation to address vulnerabilities to trafficking: “Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development: Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo” (A/HRC/10/16, paras. 50, 58 and Part V, Conclusions and Recommendations); E/CN.4/2006/62, paras. 69, 71, 73, 90–92; E/CN.4/2006/62/Add.1, para. 95; E/CN.4/2006/62/Add.3, para. 71; and E/ CN.4/2006/62/Add.2, paras. 89–91). The Brussels Declaration, para. 7; OSCE Action Plan, Recommendation IV(3); Ouagadougou Action Plan, pp. 1-2; ECOWAS Initial Plan of Action, p. 6, para. 2; OAS Recommendations on Trafficking in Persons, Section II, para. 17; COMMIT MOU, para. 22. ��� COMMENTARY 107