PART 2.2 of opportunities for legal, gainful, and nonexploitative labour migration (7.4, 7.5 and 7.7). Note that measures to reduce vulnerability to trafficking can be both direct and indirect. The compulsory registration of births, highlighted in Guideline 7, is one example of a measure that, effectively implemented, is likely to reap a range of rewards in terms of improving a child’s access to his or her rights, including by reducing that child’s vulnerability to trafficking and related exploitation.193 This analysis is very important in the present context because it acknowledges that poverty limits life choices. It can lead individuals to take risks and make decisions about their life and their future in a way that they never would if their basic capabilities were at acceptable levels. The Explanatory Report to the European Trafficking Convention explicitly recognizes the link between poverty and increased vulnerability to trafficking: It is widely recognized that improvement of economic and social conditions in countries of origin and measures to deal with extreme poverty would be the most effective way of preventing trafficking. Among social and economic initiatives, improved training and more employment opportunities for people liable to be traffickers’ prime targets would undoubtedly help prevent trafficking in human beings (para. 103). 5.3. ADDRESSING INCREASES IN VULNERABILITY RELATED TO INEQUALITY AND POVERTY A United Nations study on the link between poverty and human rights identifies restricted opportunities to pursue wellbeing as a defining feature of a “poor person”. In this sense, wellbeing refers not just to income level but to basic capabilities that are common to everyone – for example, being adequately nourished, being adequately clothed and sheltered, being able to avoid preventable morbidity, taking part in the life of a community, and being able to appear in public with dignity. In this understanding of poverty, an important element is an inadequate command over economic resources. If an individual lacks command over economic resources and this leads to a failure of the kind of basic capacities referred to above, then that person would be counted as poor.194 United Nations Children’s Fund, Birth Registration: Right from the Start (March 2002). The right to birth registration is protected in the Convention on the Rights of the Child at article 7 (1) (“The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents”). 193 See Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: A Conceptual Framework (HR/PUB/04/1), pp. 5-12, especially page 10. 194 108 Principle 5 identifies inequality as an additional factor contributing to vulnerability. Inequality can relate to wealth, income or opportunity. Inequalities that impact upon trafficking exist within as well as between countries. In short, trafficking inevitably involves the movement of individuals from regions or countries of relatively less wealth, income and opportunity to regions or countries of relatively greater wealth, income and opportunities. Both poverty and inequality have strong gender dimensions.195 In the context of trafficking, the gender determinant can be particularly detrimental. For example, as noted by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women’s general recommendation No. 19, poverty and unemployment force many The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action notes at para. 48 that “[i]n addition to economic factors, the rigidity of socially ascribed gender roles and women’s limited access to power, education, training and productive resources” contribute to the disproportionate number of women living in poverty. 195 RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING