E/CN.4/1995/34 page 118 window (ta’liq), beatings on the soles of the feet (falaqa) and sleep deprivation for prolonged periods. Various forms of collective punishment, such as food and water deprivation, were also reportedly used against the refugees, particularly in response to protests about living conditions and treatment by the camp authorities. 616. In August 1991 and July 1992 groups of refugees reportedly went on hunger strikes in Artawiyya camp demanding improvements in their living conditions and their resettlement in a third country. Many of those involved in these protests were later allegedly subjected to torture or ill-treatment, as in the cases summarized in the paragraphs below. 617. Ya’rub Hassan Suri al-Khaffaji, the representative of block 11, compound 3 in Artawiyya camp, was on 13 September 1991 arrested with four other refugees following their participation in the first hunger strike in August 1991. They were taken to the "Emergency Unit" under accusation of sedition and inciting the refugees to strike. The soldiers reportedly forced him to take off his clothes and to lie on top of the bonnet of a car, the engine of which had been running for a period of time. The soldiers then allegedly rolled him across the bonnet, tied him to the side of the car, and beat him with clubs and lashes. After a doctor determined that his injuries were too severe to be treated at the camp clinic, he was transferred to the Hafr al-Baten military hospital and later to Riyadh military hospital. Both his kidneys were permanently damaged. In January 1992 Ya’rub al-Khaffaji was reportedly given financial compensation following an investigation by the military authorities. However, no independent judicial inquiry into the case was carried out and none of the perpetrators was known to have been brought to justice. 618. As’ad ’Ali Hussein was arrested and taken to the "Emergency Unit" where he was stripped down to his underpants and handcuffed. He was then allegedly beaten with cables on his hands for about half an hour until his skin started peeling off, hit on the back with an iron bar and kicked. Thereafter he was tied to the back of a truck while naked and dragged along for three to five minutes, resulting in the dislocation of his left arm. 619. Zahir Rizqi Saber was also punished as a result of his involvement in the hunger strike of 1991. He was allegedly stripped down to his underpants and tied to a wire fence between one and two hours, during which time he was beaten. The soldiers then cut his hair, mixed it with sand and water and forced him to eat it. 620. Muhammad Khudhayr Mubarak Tu’ma was accused of sedition in the aftermath of the above-mentioned hunger strike. He was allegedly taken outside "the Emergency Unit", stripped of his clothes, beaten severely, forced to crawl on his stomach with his hands tied behind his back and simultaneously lashed with cables for over two hours. As a result, he was allegedly no longer able to move and was dragged back into a tent by the guards. He died a few hours later. 621. Bassam Yusuf Ibrahim al-Shamiri joined the second hunger strike in July 1992 in Artawiyya. A few days after he began the strike he fell ill and