ENDNOTES 294 ‘Russia must end torture, prosecute prison guards: U.N.’ Reuters, 10 August 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-rights-un/ russia-must-rein-in-torture-prosecute-prisonguards-u-n-idUSKBN1KV137. 295 ‘Police reforms possible across the Council of Europe – report out’, Convention against Torture Initiative, 10 July 2018, cti2024.org/ en/news/police-reforms-possible-acrossthe-council-of-europe-report-out. 296 Convention against Torture Initiative, Report: Sharing experiences and building capacity in the Caribbean: The Fair Administration of Justice and the UN Convention against Torture, 2018, pp1–2. 297 Council of Europe, Recommendation 2147, 2019. 298 ‘Life in Spain’s closed prison regime: 21 hours a day alone in a cell’, El Pais, 23 March 2018, elpais.com/elpais/2018/03/20/ inenglish/1521565074_924080.html. 299 ‘Norway should improve the situation for prisoners in solitary confinement’, Council of Europe, 17 January 2019, www.coe.int/ en/web/portal/-/norway-should-improvethe-situation-for-prisoners-in-solitaryconfinement. For more information see: Council of Europe, Report to the Norwegian Government on the visit to Norway carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), January 2019. 300 Kristen Petersen, Safeeya Mahomed, Lukas Muntigh and Tina Lorizzo, African Criminal Justice Reform and Dullah Omar Institute, Solitary Confinement – A review of the legal framework and practice in five African countries, October 2018, p33. 301 Ibid. 302 ‘Loneliness is bad for brains’, Science News, 6 November 2018, www.sciencenews. org/article/loneliness-isolation-brainchanges, ‘Neuroscientists Make a Case against Solitary Confinement’, Scientific American, 9 November 2018, www.scientificamerican.com/article/ neuroscientists-make-a-case-againstsolitary-confinement. 303 ‘Leading doctors call on government to ban solitary confinement of children and young offenders’, The Independent, 18 April 2018, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/homenews/solitary-confinement-young-offendersban-mental-health-children-prison-justicedepartment-a8308941.html. 304 Ibid. 305 ‘A child prisoner with ADHD spent 22 hours a day in a cell, for 55 days – and he’s not the only one��, iNews, 19 June 2018, inews.co.uk/ opinion/comment/a-child-with-adhd-waslocked-in-a-cell-for-22-hours-a-day-for-55days-if-a-parent-did-that-to-him-we-wouldcall-child-protection. 306 ‘Solitary Confinement of a Death Convict Before the exhaustion of his complete legal and constitutional remedies unconstitutional: Uttarakhand HC’, LiveLaw.in, 29 April 2018, www.livelaw.in/solitary-confinement-of-adeath-convict-before-the-exhaustion-of-hiscomplete-legal-and-constitutional-remediesunconstitutional-uttarakhand-hc-readjudgment. 307 ‘A Colorado case inspired a U.S. Supreme Court justice to write a stinging rebuke of solitary confinement’, The Colorado Sun, 10 October 2018, coloradosun. com/2018/10/10/colorado-prisons-solitaryraemisch-sotomayor. 308 British Columbia Civil Liberties Association v Canada (Attorney General), BCSC 62, 2018. 50 | 309 ‘B.C. court extends Ottawa’s deadline for solitary confinement law, orders immediate changes’, The Globe and Mail, 8 January 2019, www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/ british-columbia/article-bc-court-ofappeal-orders-ottawa-to-change-solitaryconfinement-laws. 325 PRI email communication with the Council of Europe, Council for Penological Co-operation, 30 January 2019. 310 ‘Prisons squalid and dangerous due to staff cuts, report says’, The Guardian, 11 July 2018, www.theguardian.com/society/2018/ jul/11/prisoners-prisons-report-englandwales-staff-cuts-peter-clarke. 327 For more information, see: Dr Abi Dymond, ‘Combatting the trade and use of weapons and restraints for torture and ill-treatment: a new resource for detention monitors’, PRI Blog, 10 December 2018, www.penalreform.org/blog/combatting-thetrade-and-use-of-weapons-and. See also Penal Reform International and Association for the Prevention of Torture, Instruments of restraint: Addressing risk factors to prevent torture and ill-treatment (Detention Monitoring Tool), 2013. 311 ‘Prison assaults in England and Wales at record high’, BBC News, 31 January 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47070713. 312 ‘Prison Guards in Russia suffer from ‘moral fatigue’, official says’, Radio Free Europe, 7 January 2019, www.rferl.org/a/prisonguards-in-russia-suffer-from-moral-fatigueofficial-says/29695438.html. 313 ‘Bulgarian government to raise prison warders’ pay after protests’, Independent Balkan News Agency, 21 March 2018, balkaneu.com/bulgarian-government-toraise-prison-warders-pay-after-protests/ index.html. 314 ‘Prison staff protest over ‘unprecedented’ inmate violence’, BBC News, 14 September 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-45518744. 315 ‘Nurses ‘passing out’ from inhaling spice while giving emergency care in prison’, The Independent, 30 June 2018, www.independent.co.uk/news/ uk/home-news/prison-nurse-spice-riskdanger-drug-jail-inmates-a8423366.html, ‘USA: Portland prisoners’ Spice use risks health of officers’, Prison Insider, 17 July 2018, www.prison-insider.com/en/news/ usa-portland-prisoners-spice-use-riskshealth-of-officers. 316 ‘Should Women work in men’s prisons? These women say yes’, The New York Times, 21 November 2018, www.nytimes. com/2018/11/21/reader-center/womenprison-workers.html, ‘Hazing, Humiliation, Terror: Working while Female in Federal Prison’, The New York Times, 17 November 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/11/17/us/ prison-sexual-harassment-women.html. 326 Andrew Coyle and Helen Fair, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management: Handbook for Prison Staff, 3rd edition, 2018. 328 Report of the Committee against Torture, 23rd/24th session, A/55/4, para. 180 (c), reiterated by the Special Rapporteur on Torture in Interim Report Of The Special Rapporteur On Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment (A/68/295) to the UN General Assembly, 9 August 2013, para 58. 329 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (The Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 47.1. 330 Omega Research Foundation and University of Exeter, Monitoring Weapons and Restraints in Places of Detention: A Practical Guide, June 2018, omegaresearchfoundation.org/ documentation-tools/monitoringweapons-and-restraints-placesdetention-practical-guide. 331 Organisations interested in follow-up training and additional translations of the guide may contact the authors directly at info@omegaresearchfoundation.org or a.dymond@exeter.ac.uk. 332 OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and Penal Reform International, Guidance Document on the Nelson Mandela Rules, 2018, www.penalreform.org/resource/guidancedocument-on-the-nelson-mandela-rules. 317 Ministry of Women and Child Development Government of India, Women in Prisons, India, June 2018 333 European Court of Human Rights, Voynov v. Russia, Application no. 39747/10, 3 July 2018. 318 ‘Virginia: Former Assistant Warden Gets Suspended Sentence for Trading Privileges for Sex’, Prison Legal News, www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/aug/7/ virginia-former-assistant-warden-getssuspended-sentence-trading-privileges-sex. 334 ‘Female prison inmates demand ‘private time’ with visiting husbands’, Naiji News, 18 July 2018, www.naijanews.com/2018/07/18/ female-prison-inmates-pleads-for-privatetime-with-visiting-spouse. 319 ‘Over 100 Prison Officials Fired This Year for Smuggling, Collusion With Inmates’, Eyewitness News, 27 December 2018, ewn.co.za/2018/12/28/over-100-prisonofficials-fired-this-year-for-smugglingcollusion-with-inmates. 335 ‘Landmark ruling on conjugal visits heralds new dawn for prisoners in Oman’, Times of Oman, 17 March 2018, timesofoman.com/ article/130214/Oman/Landmark-rulingheralds-new-dawn-for-prisoners-in-Oman. 320 ‘Queensland prisons at risk of ‘significant corruption’, watchdog finds’, ABC, 14 December 2018, www.abc.net.au/ news/2018-12-14/queensland-prisons-atrisk-of-corruption-report-finds/10620482. 321 ‘From lectures to lock up: Graduates join fight to reform jails’, AOL.com, 7 September 2018, www.aol.co.uk/news/2018/09/07/ from-lectures-to-lock-up-graduates-joinfight-to-reform-jails. 322 Ibid. 323 ‘Programme to help prison staff suffering from witnessing violence’, Radio New Zealand, 30 August 2018, www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/365313/ programme-to-help-prison-staff-sufferingfrom-witnessing-violence. 324 Ibid. 336 ‘Inmates to be ensured right to procreate’, Himalayan Times, 26 March 2018, thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/inmatesto-be-ensured-right-to-procreate. 337 ‘Model prison to have conjugal rooms’ Tribune, 20 May 2018 tribune.com.pk/ story/1714483/1-model-prison-conjugalrooms. 338 ‘£7m to be spent on phones in prison cells to stem flow of illegal mobiles’, The Guardian, 10 July 2018, www. theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/10/7m-tobe-spent-on-phones-in-prison-cells-to-stemflow-of-illegal-mobiles. 339 ‘Prison photo booths have kept my husband and son’s bond strong’, Metro, 8 January 2019, metro.co.uk/2019/01/08/prison-photobooths-have-kept-my-husband-and-sonsbond-strong-8322831. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019