ENDNOTES 340 ‘E-visits allowed at five prisons’, Bangkok Post, 1 October 2018, www.bangkokpost. com/news/general/1550026/e-visitsallowed-at-five-prisons and ‘Taiwan to start trial run of virtual prison visits soon’, Focus Taiwan, 30 January 2019, focustaiwan.tw/ news/asoc/201901300020.aspx. 341 ‘In U.S. prisons, tablets open window to the outside world’, Reuters, 18 July 2018, uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-prisonscomputers-feature/in-u-s-prisons-tabletsopen-window-to-the-outside-worldidUKKBN1K813F. 342 ‘New York City to make all calls from jail free’, Prison Policy Initiative, 29 July 2018, www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2018/07/19/ rikers_calls. 343 Thirteenth Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Doha Declaration on Integrating Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice into the Wider United Nations Agenda to Address Social and Economic Challenges and to Promote the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, and Public Participation, Doha, 12–19 April 2015, www.unodc.org/dohadeclaration. 344 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, 2018. 345 ‘I have no thought of escaping’: inside the Brazilian prisons with no guards’, The Guardian, 2 April 2018, www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2018/apr/02/no-thoughtof-escaping-inside-brazilian-prisonswith-no-guards. 346 ‘Uruguay Proposes Restructuring Prison System to Focus on Rehabilitation’, InSight Crime, 4 July 2018, www.insightcrime.org/ news/brief/uruguay-proposes-restructuringprison-system-focus-rehabilitation. 347 ‘Training the Brain to Stay Out of Jail’, The Marshall Project, 26 June 2018, www.themarshallproject.org/2018/06/26/ training-the-brain-to-stay-out-of-jail. 348 ‘How one woman tackled India’s recidivism rate’, OZY.com, 20 November 2018, www.ozy.com/rising-stars/she-slashedindian-recidivism-rates-from-80-to-1percent/90251. 349 ‘Kyrgyzstan launches pilot project for rehabilitation of convicts’, 24kg.newsagency, 25 July 2018, 24.kg/english/91811_ Kyrgyzstan_launches_pilot_project_for_ rehabilitation_of_convicts. 350 Kiran Bedi, Twitter, 6 June 2018, twitter.com/ thekiranbedi/status/1004372395279302658. 351 ‘Yoga Practice Reduces the Psychological Distress Levels of Prison Inmates’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3 September 2018, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fpsyt.2018.00407/full. 352 ‘Farm animals help rehabilitate prisoners in Sweden’, The Local, 13 August 2018, www.thelocal.se/20180813/farmanimals-help-rehabilitate-prisoners-insweden. 353 ‘Puppy therapy to help prisoners with mental health and addiction launched for the first time in the UK’, The Telegraph, 17 December 2018, www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2018/12/17/puppy-therapy-helpprisoners-mental-health-addiction-launched. 354 ‘Greyhound rehabilitation programme helping prisoners’, NewstalkZB, 20 November 2018, www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/larrywilliams-drive/audio/jo-heath-greyhoundrehabilitation-programme-helping-prisoners. 355 Professor Rosie Meek, UK Ministry of Justice, A Sporting Chance – An Independent Review of Sport in Youth and Adult Prisons, 11 August 2018, Executive Summary p12. 356 ‘Italy: beyond the bars – how rugby is reforming Italian prisoners’, Prison Insider, 18 April 2018, www.prison-insider.com/en/ news/italy-beyond-the-bars-how-rugby-isreforming-italian-prisoners. 370 ‘Prisoners get help to go straight’, Bangkok Post, 6 August 2018, www.bangkokpost.com/news/ general/1516494/prisoners-get-helpto-go-straight. 357 ‘President U Win Myint amnesties inmates who passed matriculation exam’, Myanmar Times, 25 February 2019, www.mmtimes.com/news/president-u-winmyint-amnesties-inmates-who-passedmatriculation-examination.html. 371 Hadi Mohammed and Wan Azlinda Wan Mohamed, Reducing Recidivism Rates through Vocational Education and Training, 2014, p274. 358 ‘Prison School’s first diploma lets inmates study for job in logistics sector’, The Straits Times, 19 November 2018, www.straitstimes.com/singapore/prisonschools-first-diploma-lets-inmates-study-forjob-in-logistics-sector. 359 ‘People are lining up for ‘jail ka khana’ in Shimla’, The Times of India, 15 July 2018, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/peopleare-lining-up-for-jail-ka-khana-in-shimla/ articleshow/64992942.cms. 360 ‘Rome’s green-fingered inmates clean up the city’s parks and gardens’, The Local, 11 July 2018, www.thelocal.it/20180711/ romes-green-fingered-inmates-clean-up-thecitys-parks-and-gardens, ‘Olhao prisoners on scrub clearance duty’, Algarvedaily news, 17 July 2018, algarvedailynews.com/ news/14670-olhao-prisoners-on-scrubclearance-duty. 361 ‘Q&A: A prison garden where personal growth is the goal’, The Jewish News of California, 5 July 2018, www.jweekly.com/2018/07/05/qa-a-prisongarden-where-personal-growth-is-the-goal. 362 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (The Nelson Mandela Rules), Rules 96–103. 363 ‘Tanzania’s John Magufuli says prisoners are free labour’, BBC News, 14 July 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldafrica-44834191. 364 ‘North Korea’s prisons: How harsh are conditions?’, BBC News, 14 June 2017, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-40269546. 365 ‘Inside North Korea’s gulags: The shocking conditions in Kim’s political prison camps’, The Express, 14 November 2017, www.express.co.uk/news/world/878003/ kim-jong-un-north-korea-brutal-reeducationgulag-prison-camps-revealed. 366 ‘America’s prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states’, Vox, 22 August 2018, www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/ national-prison-strike-2018, ‘Why the nationwide strike against ‘modern-day slavery’ may not reach Illinois. And why it’s already here’ The Chicago Reader, 25 August 2018, www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/ archives/2018/08/25/why-the-nationwidestrike-against-modern-day-slavery-may-notreach-illinois-and-why-its-already-here. 367 Penal Reform International and the Thailand Institute of Justice, Guide to the Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration of Women Prisoners: Implementation of the Bangkok Rules, 2019. 368 ‘Prison Firefighting Program pays a Dollar an Hour to Fight California Wildfires’, Truthout. org, 9 August 2018, truthout.org/video/ prison-firefighting-program-pays-a-dollar-anhour-to-fight-california-wildfires. 369 Society for Human Resource Management and the Charles Koch Institute, Workers with Criminal Records: A Survey by the Society for Human Resource Management and the Charles Koch Institute, May 2018, mk0qeluyepi9drvw7cng.kinstacdn.com/ wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CKI-SHRMReport.pdf. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019 372 ‘68 dead in prison riot, penal reform NGO blames government neglect and poor prison conditions’, IOL, 29 March 2018, www.iol.co.za/news/world/68-dead-invenezuela-prison-riot-14146978. 373 ‘Four shot dead in PNG prison breakout: report’, Jakarta Post, 9 July 2018, www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/09/ four-shot-dead-in-png-prison-breakoutreport.html. 374 Integrity Watch Afghanistan, Behind the Bars, A Labyrinth of Challenges In Prisons In Afghanistan, 2017. 375 ‘Hundreds escape Libya prison amid deadly clashes in Tripoli’, BBC News, 3 September 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldafrica-45392172. 376 ‘Juba prison revolt underscores deep problems in justice system’, Reuters, 7 October 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ news/2018/10/south-sudan-juba-prisonrevolt-underscores-deep-problems-injustice-system. 377 Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, Death Notifications in The Syrian Arab Republic, 27 November 2018. 378 ‘Death notices for Syrian prisoners are suddenly piling up. It’s a sign Assad has won the war’, Washington Post, 26 July 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/world/ death-notices-for-syrian-prisoners-aresuddenly-piling-up-its-a-sign-assadswon-the-war/2018/07/25/43ee21548930-11e8-8b20-60521f27434e_story. html?utm_term=.00f0eece7381. 379 Human Rights Council, Situation of human rights in Yemen, including violations and abuses since September 2014, A/HRC/39/43, 17th August 2018, p10. 380 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p298 (Iraq). 381 ‘UN says torture is rampant in Libyan prisons controlled by armed groups’, Africa News, 10 April 2018, www.africanews.com/2018/04/10/unsays-torture-is-rampant-in-libyan-prisonscontrolled-by-armed-groups. 382 United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Justice and Corrections Update, Issue 6, June 2018. 383 ‘Reconstructing the Central African Republic will require a fair and effective criminal justice system’, Penal Reform International, 24 January 2019, www.penalreform.org/ news/reconstructing-the-central-africanrepublic-will-require-a. 384 International Centre for the Study Radicalisation, Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus, 2016. 385 UN Office for Drugs and Crime, Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons, 2016, Introduction, p2. 386 Radicalisation Awareness Network, EX POST PAPER, Revisiting the notion of prison as a breeding ground for radicalisation, October 2018, p3. 387 For example, Extremism Risk Guidance 22+ (ERG 22+) is used in England and Wales, and the Violent Extremist Risk Assessment (VERA–2) is in use in Australia. | 51