CRPD/C/GC/3 manipulation; and the exercise of control, for example by restricting face-to-face or virtual access to family, friends or others. 32. Certain forms of violence, exploitation and abuse may be considered as cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and as breaching a number of international human rights treaties. Among them are: forced, coerced and otherwise involuntary pregnancy or sterilization;38 any medical procedure or intervention performed without free and informed consent, including procedures and interventions related to contraception and abortion; invasive and irreversible surgical practices such as psychosurgery, female genital mutilation and surgery or treatment performed on intersex children without their informed consent; the administration of electroshock treatment and the use of chemical, physical or mechanical restraints; and isolation or seclusion. 33. Sexual violence against women with disabilities includes rape. 39 Sexual abuse occurs in all scenarios, within State and non-State institutions and within the family or the community. Some women with disabilities, in particular deaf and deafblind women 40 and women with intellectual disabilities, may be at an even greater risk of violence and abuse because of their isolation, dependency or oppression. 34. Women with disabilities may be targeted for economic exploitation because of their impairment, which can in turn expose them to further violence. For example, women with physical or visible impairments can be trafficked for the purpose of forced begging because it is believed that they may elicit a higher degree of public sympathy. 41 35. The often preferential care and treatment of boys means that violence against girls with disabilities is more prevalent than it is against boys with disabilities or girls in general. Violence against girls with disabilities includes gender-specific neglect, humiliation, concealment, abandonment and abuse, including sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, which increases during puberty. Children with disabilities are also disproportionately likely not to be registered at birth,42 which exposes them to exploitation and violence. Girls with disabilities are particularly at risk of violence from family members and caregivers. 43 36. Girls with disabilities are particularly at risk of harmful practices, which are justified by invoking sociocultural and religious customs and values. For example, girls with disabilities are more likely to die as a result of “mercy killings” than boys with disabilities because their families are unwilling or lack the support to raise a girl with an impairment.44 Other examples of harmful practices include infanticide,45 accusations of “spirit possession” and restrictions in feeding and nutrition. In addition, the marriage of girls with disabilities, especially girls with intellectual disabilities, is justified under the pretext of providing future security, care and financing. In turn, child marriage contributes to higher rates of dropping out of school and to early and frequent childbirth. Girls with disabilities experience social isolation, segregation and exploitation inside the family, including by being excluded from family activities, prevented from leaving home, forced to perform unpaid housework and being forbidden from attending school. 37. Women with disabilities are subjected to the same harmful practices committed against women without disabilities such as forced marriage, female genital mutilation, 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 See CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1, para.37. See A/67/227, para. 35. See CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1, para. 14. See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 25. See, for example, CRC/C/TGO/CO/3-4, para. 8 and 39. The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XX.1). See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 24. Ibid. 9